考试专用

A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements.

The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. Voice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features.

The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 商业在信息上生存和繁荣；机构和信息中的信息跟供应商，客户，管理者一起改变。此外，信息需要是一致，可接近的，并且在正确位置。我们认为信息由四形式声音、数据、图象和录影和分布的要求的涵义。

长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。到目前为止,最常见的形式的沟通,在任何组织和对大多数人员是直接电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通信最近被各种以计算机为基础的服务提高了，包括语音邮件和用电脑处理电话局系统。语音邮件提供的能力，发送，并回复语音信息同步，它已成为一个具有成本效益的工具，甚至许多中型组织。它提供储蓄答录机和服务，以及响应更快的服务于客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的虚拟小交换机系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。

长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。