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华中师《英语词汇学》（六）

第七章: Changes in Word Meaning

1. Types of Semantic changes (五种) (1)extension又被称作

generalization ’manuscript’ original meaning ’ handwriting---now ’any author’s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer "barn" original meaning ’ a place for storing only barely’---now ’storeroom’(2)narrowing又被称作specialization . "deer" animal---now just ’deer’ "corn" grain---now ’maize’only ’garage’ any safe place---’ a place for storing cars’ (3) degradation又

被称作pejoration . "boor" peasant---now a rude, ill-mannered person "churl" peasant or free man---uncultivated or mean person "hussy" housewife---a woman of low moral "villain" a person who worked in a villa---evil person or scoundrel(4) elevation 又被称作 amelioration . "nice" ignorance---foolish---now elevated to ’delight, pleasant’ "marshal" keeper of horses---now means ’high-ranking army officer’"constable" keeper of horses---now means ’policeman’(5) transfer . paper ( p140) the lip of a wound ( associated transfer) purse for ’money’ (associate d transfer ) clear-sounding ( transfer of sensations )

of Changes :1)extra linguistic factors(1) historical reason a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed. . " pen" feather in the past ---pen, ball-pens, fountains pens increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors. (2) class reason elevation and degradation (3) Psychological reason The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words Religious influence is another kind of psychological need. . "copperhead" on 2) linguistic factors The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system. Especially when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole. The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning. The competition of native words eventually resulted in the semantic division.

语义扩大的三个特例:1)polysemic words of modern English 2)technical terms3)from proper nouns to common words

2.问题:由普通变成专有名词算哪一类词类变化模式?答案: Narrowing

3.问题: 词义缩小有几个特例?答案:有三个特例1) From common words to proper

nouns . city ---> the City pennisular --->the Pennisular profit --->the Profit 2) shortening3) material nouns

4.问题: 以下的词的词义的变化由什么模式造成的: 1)lust 最早是指人的一种

pleasure快乐,现在是指sexual pleasure, 这种词义变化属于哪一种模式?答案:

degradation. 2)Editorial article 缩写为editorial 这是属于哪一种词义变化的模式?

答案: Narrowing 3) the Pennisular : 专指利比利亚半岛,那么这个词的形成是属于哪一