commucation across culture

members_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.

Culture Is a Set of Shared Interpretations

All communications take place by means of symbols

Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms

a. Beliefs

Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.

b. Values

Values involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.

c. Norms

Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others

Norms in the army: Salutes

Norms in different fields：

Culture Affects Behaviors

Culture Involves Large Groups of People

Three Things Culture Does

p46-48 (self-study)

Culture ranks what is important

Culture furnishes attitudes

Culture dictates how to behave

Culture ranks what is important

Different cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.

Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.

Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.

Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.

Culture furnishes attitudes

An attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.

Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.

Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.

Culture dictates how to behave

Behavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.

Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).

Values drive actions.

1.3 Classification of Culture