Sentence

Firstparse

0.3

0.62.70.50.4

*Soactuallynextthewholeofnextweekisgone.

*Anditisalreadybeenpushedoffmorethantwoweeks.*HowdoesWednesdaythetwentyfourthafteroneo’clock?

0.21.12.7

Numberof

parses

2

117896128

1236501222

Table1:ExamplesofLinGOgrammarcoverage.ProcessingtimesarewiththecurrentinternalversionoftheLKBsystem.

avalidsemanticrepresentationfromthefragmentsthattheparserproduces(Kasperetal.,1999).

OursecondmajorapplicationeffortistoadapttheLKBandtheERGforuseinaspeechprosthesissystem,tobeusedbypeoplewithdisabilitiestospeeduptheirlanguageproductionsotheycancarryonmorenaturalconversationsinahighly exiblemanner.Weareinvestigatinganap-proachtogenerationwhichcombinesthegrammarwithcorpus-basedword-frequencydataandconversationaltem-plates.Appliedtospeechprostheses,itenablestheproduc-tionoffullsentencesfromminimaluserinputinacontext-sensitiveway(Copestake,1997).Weexpectthatthisap-proachcanalsobeappliedmoregenerallyforef cientpro-ductionofformulaictextlikethestructuredreportsusedwidelyinbusinessandgovernment.Itmayalsohaveutilityincomputer-aidedlanguagelearning,bothforpeoplewhoarenotfullyliterate,andthoseforwhomEnglishisnottheir rstlanguage.ThemaindifferencefromtheVerbmo-bilproject,asfarasgrammardevelopmentisconcerned,isthatthissystemrequiresanopen-endedlexicon.2.4.Teaching

WhiletheLinGOERGaimsforbroad,precisecover-ageinrealisticapplications,theLKBplatformisalsobeingusedwithsmallergrammarsmorerelevantforeducationalpurposes.CoursesusingtheLKBhavealreadybeentaughtfor(undergraduateandgraduate)studentsatStanford,OhioState,NorthCarolina,SUNYBuffaloandEssex,andalsoattheEuropeanSummerSchoolforLogic,LinguisticsandInformation(ESSLLI-98,ESSLLI-00).Undergraduatestu-dentsatCSLI3havealsoimplementedthegrammardevel-opedinanintroductorysyntaxtextbook(SagandWasow,1999)intheLKBsystem,andwearedistributingthiswiththeaimthatitbeusedasabasisforhands-onexercisesandexperimentation.

Therequirementsforateachingsystemareinsomewaysmorestringentthanthoseforresearch.Althoughef- ciencyisgenerallylessimportant(sinceteachinggram-marstendtobesmallandtoinvolverelativelylittleam-