you?How young are you?

4.2.2 Complementary antonymy (互补反义)

Features:1)The assertion of one means the denial of the other,the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.There is no intermediate ground between the two.2) they can not be modified by very.They do not have comparative degree or superlative degree.3)the norm is absolute.4)There is no cover term for the two members of a pair.

分析：半死不活

This expression can only be used for sb who is still alive.If he is not alive,then he is dead completely,not just half-dead.

分析:He is more dead than alive

The saying is not a true comparative.The sentence actually means “It is more correct to say that he is dead than to say he is alive.”

分析:John is more mad than stupid

It is more correct to say John is mad than to say John is stupid. “mad” is not used in the comparative degree,its comparative form is madder.

4.2.3.converse antonymy (relational opposites):They show a reversal of a relationship between two entities.One presupposes the other.e.g buy-sell;parent-child;huaband-wife

The comparative degrees like bigger:smaller ,better:worse belong to converse antonymy,since they involve a relation between two entities.

4.3.hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general;,more inclusive word and a more specific word.It is a matter of class memberships.It is composed of superordinate and hyponyms;Superordinate refers to the upper term,the word which is more general in meaning.Hyponyms refer to the lower terms,the more specific words.Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.A superordinate may be missing.e.g:There is no superordinate for the color terms.Hyponyms may also be missing.Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion;in terms of meaning,the superordinate includes all its hyponyms.

4.4Meronymy （部分-整体关系）Meronymy is part-whole relationship between lexical items. e.g. a "finger" is a part of a "hand", Therefore, "finger" is a meronym of "hand"。

4.5. Polysemy：refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have two or more closely related meanings,e.g.foot in “He hurt his foot” and “She stood at the foot of the stairs” .The foot is the lowest part of the stairs just as the foot is the lowest part of the human body.But we can sometimes hardly tell if a form has several meanings or it is a different word taking the same form.That is to say,it is difficult to distinguish polysemy and homonymy.

语义学的难题之一是如何区分Polysemy ，homonemy。Polysemy多义之间意义相连 homonemy同音同形异义。

4.6. homonems：words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings.e.g. lie,swallow

4.7.Homophones:words which sound alike but are written differently and often have different meanings.e.g. no-know;Flower vs. flour

4.8.homographs:words which are written in the same way but which are pronounced differently and have different meanings.

5.sense relations between sentences(戴炜栋P77)

5.1. X is synonymous with Y

e.g. X:He was a bachelor all his life.