必修4

Unit 2 Working the land

要 点 梳 理 高效梳理·知识备考

●重点单词

1．struggle vt. & vi.斗争；拼搏；努力

2．output n．产量；输出

3．hunger n．饥饿；欲望→hungry adj.饥饿的；有欲望的

4．expand vt. & vi.使变大；伸展；阐述→expansion n．扩大；增加

5．circulate vt. & vi.循环；流传→circulation n．循环流通

6．battle n．战役；战斗；较量；斗争vt. & vi.搏斗；奋斗

7．therefore adv.因此；所以；因而

8．equip vt. & vi.配备；装备→equipment n．设备(不可数)

9．export vt. & vi.输出；出口→import vt. & vi.输入；入口；进口

10．nationality n．国籍→nation n．国家；民族→national adj.国家的；国有的

11．occupation n．工作；职业；占领→occupy vt.占领

12．confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难→confusing adj.令人迷惑的→confused adj.感到迷惑的→confusion n．迷惑

13．regret vt.遗憾；惋惜 n．遗憾；懊悔→regretful adj.后悔的

14．chemical adj.化学的；关于化学的→chemistry n．化学→chemist n．化学家；药剂师

15．bacteria n．(bacterium的复数形式)细菌

16．reduce vt.减少；缩减；简化→reduction n．缩小；减少

17．summary n．总结；摘要；概要→summarize vt.总结

18．comment n．评论；议论 vi. & vt.表达意见；作出评论

●重点短语

1．thanks to幸亏；由于

2．rid...of 摆脱；除去

3．be satisfied with 对 感到满意

4．would rather 宁愿；宁可

5．build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发

6．lead to 导致；造成

7．focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于

8．keep...free from/of 使 免受(影响、伤害等)；

使 不含(有害物)

9．make a difference 造成差异，很重要

10．keep in mind 牢记在心

11．cause damage to 对 造成危害

12．in addition 再者，还有

13．turn to 转向

●重点句型

1．Dr. Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。

2．This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one－third more of the crop in the same fields.

这种特别的稻种使得同样的田地多收获1/3的产量。

3．Using his hybrid rices, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.

用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出比以前多一倍的粮食。

4．He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。

●高考范文

(2009·重庆卷)

国外某网站将举办新一轮网上讲座活动，正面向全球中学生征集话题。假设你是新华中学的学生李华，经常访问该网站。现请你用英文给该网站发送一封电子邮件，向其推荐话题。

内容包括：

·自我简介

·写信目的

·话题：我们应该感恩(thankful)

·推荐的理由

·预祝活动成功

注意：1. 词数100左右。

2. 邮件中不能出现本人真实信息。

[范文]

Dear Editor，

I am Li Hua, a student from Xinhua Middle School, and in my spare time I often visit your website, from which I know that you are collecting topics for discussion. Being interested in it, I'd like to recommend my topic, which is “We Should Be Thankful”. As you know, we middle school students,

the new generation, who were born in the early 1990s, have been growing up with so much love from others. Some of us always take it for granted that our parents, grandparents and teachers should take care of us. Needless to say, we seldom think of others‘ feelings. Therefore, I hope by discussing this topic, we can learn to thank those who always give us their selfless love.

Wish your activity a success.

Yours，

Li Hua

考 点 探 究 互动探究·能力备考

Ⅰ.词汇短语过关

1．struggle vt. 搏斗；斗争；努力；挣扎 n．斗争；挣扎

struggle with/against 与 搏斗/斗争

struggle for sth./to do sth. 努力/争取

struggle through 奋力通过

struggle to one‘s feet 挣扎着站起来

struggle on/along (虽艰难仍)继续做某事

with a struggle 费劲地

[即学即练1](1)They had to _________ ______ their lives ______ weather and wild animals.

为了生存他们必须与天气和野兽抗争。

(2)They had to _________ ____________ all kinds of difficulties.

他们得和各样的困难作斗争。

(3)She _________ ______ ______ ______ ______ her attacker.她挣扎着想摆脱那个袭击她的人。

struggle

for

against

struggle

with / against

struggled

to

get

away

from

(4)______ ______ ______ __________， the old woman gained control of her business.

经过长期努力，这位老妇人在业务上已能应付自如。

After

a

long

struggle

2．expand vt.&vi. 使变大；伸展；阐述

expansion n. 扩张；膨胀；扩大；发展

expansive adj. 扩张性的；开展性的；广阔的

expand into/to 使扩大，变大

expand on/upon 阐述，详谈

[即学即练2](1)Metals ________ when they are heated.

金属受热会膨胀。

(2)We've __________ ______ __________ by opening two more stores. 我们增开了两个商店以扩展业务。

(3)I repeated the question and waited for her to _________.

我把问题重复了一遍，等着她进行充分阐述。

expand

expanded

the

business

expand

3. therefore adv.(＝as a result of that)因此；所以

[即学即练3]He was very tired and __________ he fell sound asleep.

＝He was very tired. __________ he fell sound asleep.

＝He was very tired, ______ he fell sound asleep.

他累得很，因此睡得很熟。

therefore

Therefore

so

提示：therefore 是副词，不能引导从句，两个句子之间要用连词或者分号；而 so是连词，可接从句。

4．equip vt.&vi. 配备；装备

equipment n. [U]装备；设备

equip sb./sth. with sth. 用某物装备某人/物

equip sb./sth. for (doing) sth. 为(做)某事而准备

sb. be equipped to do sth. 某人有准备做某事

equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事

be equipped with sth. 装备有某物

a piece of equipment 一件设备

[即学即练4](1)Our classroom ______ ________ ______ a TV set and a tape recorder.

我们的教室里配有一台电视和一台录音机。

(2)A good education should ______ ______ ______ ______.良好的教育能使你受用终生。

(3)Our school has been given ______ ______ __________.

我们学校有了一些赠送的新设备。

is

equipped

with

equip

you

for

life

some

new

equipment

5．regret v．&n. 遗憾；后悔；惋惜

refuse with much regret (many regrets) 婉言拒绝

to one's regret 令人遗憾的是

feel regretful for....对 感到后悔

express regret for/at/over sth... 对 表示遗憾

regret＋n./pron./doing/having done 后悔做某事

regret＋that－clause 后悔，遗憾

regret to say/tell/inform... 很抱歉地说/告诉/通知

It's much to be regretted that...

令人遗憾的是

[即学即练5](1)He regretted _________ ______ careless.

＝He regretted ______ ______ ______ ______ careless.

他对于自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。

(2)I regret ______ ______ you that we are unable to offer you employment. 我遗憾地通知你，我们不能雇用你。

(3)______ ______ ______ ______， I must leave now.

令我很遗憾的是，我现在必须离开了。

(4)We heard ______ ______ that you were not successful in your plan. 听到你的计划不能顺利进行，我们觉得很可惜。

having

been

that

he

had

been

to

inform

Much

to

my

regret

with

regret

6．focus n．(兴趣、活动等的)中心；焦点

v．(使)集中，聚集；(使)聚焦

be in focus 焦距对准；清晰

be out of focus 焦距没对准；模糊

bring sth. into focus 把某物集中在焦点上

focus sth. on (upon) sth.＝fix...on...

使 集中于

be focused on/upon sth.＝be fixed on 集中于

[即学即练6](1)The ______ ______ my camera isn‘t working properly.

我照相机上的调焦装置有毛病。

(2)Her beauty makes her ______ ______ ______ ________.

她长得漂亮，很惹人注意。

(3)We should ______ ______ _________ ______ our study.

我们应该把注意力放在学习上。

(4)She felt all the eyes ______ _________ ______ her.

她觉得所有人都在注视着她。

focus

on

the

focus

of

attention

focus

our

attention

on

were

focused

on

7．reduce vt. 减少；缩减；简化

reduce one's expenditure 减少某人的开支

be reduced to despair 陷入绝望

reduce to... 降至

reduce by... 减少了

[即学即练7](1)He persuaded them to ______ the price ______ $1 000.

他设法使他们的价格降到1 000美元。

(2)Production costs have ______ ________ ______ one third.

生产成本下降了1/3。

(3)The fire __________ the forest ______ a few trees.

大火把森林烧得仅剩下几棵树了。

reduce

to

been

reduced

by

reduced

to

8．comment vt.评论 n．评论，意见，议论

ask for comment 征求意见

make comments on sth.评论某事

No comment. 无可奉告。

Without comment. 不必多说。

comment(v.)on/ upon sth.评论，对 发表意见

comment(v.)that－clause评论

[即学即练8](1)Have you any ___________ ______ the proposals？你对这些建议有什么意见吗？

(2)It created ______ ___________ in the press.

这引起报界广泛的评论。

(3)He made some useful ___________ ______ my work.

他对我的作品作了一些实用的评论。

(4)He ____________ that it was an excellent film.

他评论这部电影很精彩。

comments

on

wide

comment

comments

on

commented

9．thanks to 由于；多亏(介词短语，在句中做原因状语，常置于句首或句末)

because of 因为；由于

owing to 由于，因 之缘故

as a result of 作为 的结果，由于

due to 因为，由于(不能放在句首)

on account of 由于；因为

[即学即练9](1)_________ ______ Jim's warning, we avoided the accident.

多亏吉姆的提醒，我们避免了一场事故。

(2)I couldn't attend the meeting ______ ______ illness.

我因病不能出席会议。

(3)The delay was ______ ______ power failure.

延滞是由于停电。

Thanks

to

owing

to

due

to

10．rid sb./oneself/sth. of sth. 使 摆脱

be/get rid of 去掉，摆脱；抛弃

remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事

inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事

be free of... 摆脱

[即学即练10](1)One day we will manage to ______ ______ ______ ______ this terrible disease.

总有一天我们有办法使这种可怕的疾病在世界上绝迹。

(2)You must ______ _________ ______ these old－fashioned ideas.你必须摒弃这些陈旧观念。

(3)We‘ll have to ______ ______ ______ him.

我们必须摆脱他。

(4)How can we ______ ______ ______ all the flies in the kitchen?

我们怎样才能把厨房内的苍蝇统统消灭掉？

rid

the

world

of

rid

yourself

of

get

rid

of

get

rid

of

11．be satisfied with 对 感到满意

be satisfied that... 满意

be satisfied to do 乐意干

satisfy vt.满意；使满意

satisfied adj. 感到满意的

satisfying adj. 令人满意的

satisfactory adj. 令人满意的

satisfaction n. 满意，满足

[即学即练11](1)I __________________ the result.

我对那个结果很满意。

(2)My parents try to __________________.

我父母尽量满足我的需求。

(3)There was __________________ on his face.

他脸上露出了满意的微笑。

(4)________________________，my boss agreed to my suggestion.

很使我满意的是，老板同意了我的建议。

was satisfied with

satisfy my needs

a satisfied look

Much to my satisfaction

12．lead to 通向，导致，致使

lead＋n.＋to sth. 引导 到

lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事

[即学即练12](1)The bank has offered a reward for any information ____________ the arrest of the men.

银行悬赏任何能将这些人绳之以法的情报。

(2)What _____________________ acting as a career？是什么让你开始从事演艺事业的？

leading to

led you to take up

提示：(1)lead to中的 to为介词，后面跟代词、名词或动名词。类似的词组还有：devote to 致力于/pay attention to

/stick to 坚持/look forward to 期望，等等。

(2)lead to 不用被动语态。

(3)lead to 是前因后果，而 lie in (＝result from) 是前果后因。

13．keep...free from/of 使 免受(影响、伤害等)

使 不含(有害物)

free from 没有 ，免于 ，无 之忧

free of 无 的；免于 的，离开了 的

对 加以注意/object to 反对

free sb./sth. from... 使某人/某物自由；解放；释放

for free＝free of charge 免费地，无偿地

be free to do sth. 自由地做某事

be free with sb. 对某人放肆

free as the air 自由自在

set sb. free 释放某人

[即学即练13](1)______ the table ____________ dirt by putting a cover over it.

用个东西把桌子罩住，免得灰尘落在上面。

(2)The lake ______________ pollution.

这湖没有污染。

(3)The secretary _________________ all blame for the errors.这些失误完全不能怪秘书。

(4)Try to __________________ all prejudices.

尽量消除一切偏见。

Keep

free from

is free of

was free from

free yourself from

Ⅱ.重点句型详解

1．Dr Yuan Longping grows what_is_called_super_hybrid_rice.

袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。

what is called super hybrid rice用做grows的宾语从句，为一名词性从句，也可称为whatclause；而且what在从句中可用做主语、宾语或者表语。此从句在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句”。

①After a hard time they came to what is called America today.艰难的努力后他们来到了现在称作美洲的地方。

②We now live in what is called the Information Age.

我们现在生活在所谓的信息时代。

③He graduated from what was called a key high school.

他毕业于一所所谓的重点高中。

[即境活用1] (1)(2008·浙江卷)Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home.

A．what B．that

C．which D．one

答案：A

解析：句意：一些孩子想学习一门不同于家中父母所讲的语言来挑战自我。what引导名词性从句，在句中做from的宾语。

(2)A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago.

A．what B．which

C．that D．where

答案：A

解析：该句意为：一座现代化的城市在十年前是一片废墟的地方建立起来。

2．He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。

(1)would rather 意为“宁愿，更愿意”，后接动词原形，否定式是在 would rather 后加 not/never。

①—Shall we dine out?

—I‘d rather stay at home.

——我们要不要出去吃饭？

——我宁愿留在家里。

②I‘d rather not tell anybody about it.

我不愿把这事告诉任何人。

(2)would rather do sth. than do sth./would do sth. rather than do sth. 意为“宁愿做某事而不去做某事”。

①I would rather listen to others than talk myself.

我愿意听别人说，自己不愿意说。

②He would rather die than give in. 他宁死不屈。

(3)would rather have done sth. 意为“要是做过某事就好了；宁愿做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾等语气。

I would rather have taken his advice yesterday.

我昨日要是听了他的建议就好了。

(4)would rather 后接 that从句时，从句中的谓语动词用过去时态虚拟语气。

①I would rather (that) he didn‘t come.

我宁愿他没来。

②I’d rather you told me the truth.

我更愿意你给我讲实话。

[即境活用2] (1)Would you mind my using your computer for a little while?

—______.

A．No, please don't B．I'd rather you didn't

C．I'm afraid not D．Sure, it's my pleasure

答案：B

解析：考查交际用语。I'd rather you didn't. 常用来委婉拒绝别人的请求。

(2)I would rather ______ the football match last night with my friends; otherwise, I would have finished my paperwork by now.

A．not have watched B．not watch

C．hadn't watched D．haven't watched

答案：A

解析：考查 would rather (not)＋have done 意为“宁愿(未)做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾。

易 错 点 拨 自我完善·误区备考

1.expand/extend/spread/stretch

(1)expand“展开，扩大”，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。

(2)extend “伸出，延伸”，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也可指时间的延长。

(3)spread“伸开，传播”，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播(疾病)，散布(信息)等。

(4)stretch“伸展，拉长”，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。

[应用1] (1)The cat _________ out in front of the fire.猫在火炉前伸开四肢。

(2)The hot weather __________ to October.炎热的天气一直持续到十月份。

(3)As children grow older they _________ their interests and become more confident.

随着年龄的增长，孩子们的兴趣会变广泛，人也会变得更自信。

stretched

extended

expand

(4)The fire soon _________ to the nearby buildings.

火势不久就蔓延到邻近的建筑。

spread

2. would rather的用法

[应用2] (1)－Did you say anything at the meeting?

－Yes, but ______ it.

A．I’d rather not do

B．I’d rather not doing

C．I’d rather not have done

D．I’d rather not did

答案：C

解析：would rather not have done，表示“宁愿没有做，而实际上做了”。

(2)－Would you rather ______ there tomorrow?

－No. I’d rather he ______ there instead of me.

A．to go; will go B．go; went

C．go; will go D．going; shall go

答案：B

解析：Would you rather do sth.？“你愿意做 吗？”因此第一个空要用动词原形；第二个空要用虚拟语气，即would rather sb. did sth.“宁愿别人做 ”。