Unit 1 Part A

Summery work

Part B Interpretation

1. 2.

b ) Teachers

● Opposed Learning strategies (just before paragraph13)

●Contrasting Learning styles(just before paragraph 8 )

●Effective Language Learning Behaviors (just before paragraph 2 )

3.

Developing your skills Part A

Paragraph 7 and 13

Part B

Part C Part D

avoidant dependent participant competitive

Extending your vocabulary Part A

Part B

collaborative independent

Unit 2 Words to note 45132

Understanding the text

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

c) d) d) a) d)

6.

Developing your skills Part A Text 1

Text 2

Part B

Extending your vocabulary Part A

Part B

Unit 3 Words to note 45312

Understanding the text Part A FTFTT Part B

1. b) 2. d) 3.a) 4.b)

Developing your skill Part A

c b d e a Part B

Insert the paragraph between the present paragraphs 1 and 2 Part C

Extending your vocabulary Part A

download programme interface email ICQ virus games Excel Part B

a)

Expending your creativity

of b) dance c) spherical d) walk e)hold

Unit 4 Words to note

5

Understanding the text Part A

1. Part B

1. c) 2.d) 3.c) 4. d) 5 .a) Developing your skills

d) 2. c)

8 1 6 10 4 2 7 9 11 3

Part A

Part B

Part C 1.

Your feelings about yourself are very important ;ninety-year-old people can feel and act like fifty year olds if they have the right attitude to life .

Somebody might say this to cheer another person up to encourage the person to feel better about himself or herself.

The speaker probably has an optimistic (and young) feeling about life. 2.

Forty isn t “old”, it s simply a “birth” into a new stage of life. It might be said to some one approaching his or her forties birthday. He or she doesn t fear to be forty, doesn t think forty is old, and thinks of “middle age” as being the beginning of an interesting stage of life when he or she can do new things. 3.

Years aren t important ; preserving youthful idealism is more important In a debate about the problem of aging, for example.

Youthful ideals should be kept throughout the whole life; if you keep these ideals, you can stay long in your attitude. 4.

Young people anticipate the future with the pleasure; older people reminisce about their youth.

Perhaps in a situation when someone is reflecting seriously about life. It s a philosophical, analytical comment about attitudes. 5.

Age is not important; your attitude towards your age and life in general is crucial.

In a situation to encourage somebody to be more optimistic towards life. The speaker is almost certainly optimistic; the suggestion is that there are many ways to be old and some of them are good. 6.

Be virtuous when you are young if you want respect later in life.

Perhaps in a context where an older person wants to give friendly advice to a youngster when a younger person is wondering about the course of action.

The speaker sees a direct link between actions in youth and the consequences in later life. 7.

Youngsters only have opinions; their elders know the truth through experience.

Perhaps in a social setting where people from different generations are teasing each other

The speaker almost certainly belongs to the older generation and is confident of his or her own superior knowledge. 8.

The only alternative is to die ---- because you can not become young again. As a joke or a humorous comment, perhaps after someone has said something negative about being old.

He or she certainly views aging in a positive light. 9.

An old person who is loved has an extra bonus because love brightens their life; old age is like the winter of a person s life, but winter also has its beautiful or bright aspects, like flowers.

Perhaps it would be said to an older person, to remind him or her of life s blessing.

It s a comment reflecting both joy and sadness; it recognizes that some old people enjoy the love of family, friends, neighbors, etc. But some are alone and lonely 10.

Young people see forty as “old”, but older people see fifty as “young”. This is perhaps more likely to be written rather than spoken ------perhaps in an essay. The author seems to have some optimism about being fifty.

It is a reference to different perspectives, different attitudes of various ages to “age”. 11.

People may think that being old is a misery, but having the years of experience old people help you to live your life in a better way. An alternative interpretation is that it is not simply the old age which makes old people feel miserable. It is the accumulation of their experiences which make them miserable. The second interpretation of a rather wry joke.

Perhaps either as a joke or as a serious (but pessimistic) comment of life, almost certainly made by an older person.

It could reflect a humorous, philosophical, non-serious view; or the opposite, a mournful cry. 12.

Experience (“living long”) teaches us how to live well. Again, perhaps it is more likely to be written than spoken. Experience over many years is seen as blessings and benefits. 13.

Enjoy your youth and make the most of the opportunities which come your way; then, when you are older, you don t have any regrets that you wasted it.

An older person -----perhaps a parent ----to a younger people; the comment shows wry humor by suggesting that the main preoccupation older people in that they lament their lost youth.

He /She sees youth as priceless and not to be wasted. 14.

The general, meaning is that people change as they grow older .the specific meaning of each stage depends on how people understand the metaphors of the animals (and this varies in different cultures). A likely Spanish interpretation is : at twenty

people are concerned with their appearance ,at thirty they are brave , at forty they carry heavy burdens ,at fifty they twist and turn and can t be trusted , at sixty they are loyal ,at seventy they are wise ,at eighty they are nothing .

As it s rather long, it is more likely to be part of a written paper . Now it could be said by anybody au any stage but probably originally it was written by an older person.

Perhaps it reflects a cynical attitude to the way people develop .perhaps students might here be asked to explain what each of the different creatures at the various stages of life represents in Chinese or other culture. 15.

The tide “ebbs” (i.e. its strength and power is lessened) and human beings get older and become less strong. The tide returns as strong as ever and other people are young and their tide is rising.

Spoken or read in a poem.

Perhaps said by someone who, though he /she feels sad, can rationalize and see that there is no reason to be sad.

Expanding your vocabulary

Further information

The child is the father of the man

Children grow up to become adults and what happens in childhood is vitally important because adults develop on the basis of their childhood. Just as a child inherits genetics from their parents, the stage of early childhood for an individual is the social “inheritance” of each adult -----this is the basis for the development of the rest of their life (when the child

becomes “the man”). Parents have children who grow up; however, children also grow up to become parents, who have children in their turn who also become parents …

Bad is never good until worse happens.

When something bad happens it is difficult to see anything good about it .But when something even worse happens, what we thought was bad before doesn t look so bad after all .Of course, what is “worse” may also seem not so bad when something worse still happens! Our perceptions of what are bad or good events are relative to their events.

Everything changes except change itself.

Change is in everything .Only the law that everything changes does not change. On the other hand, if everything changes this should include change itself (the nature of particular changes should change or even the very nature of change itself.) If change changes then this must include no change which would be a change from changing .If change does not change, then there is something to which the law of change does not apply ----which means that not everything changes.

All rules have exceptions, including this one.

A rule is general statement .It may include everything in its scope or it may have its exceptions .The problem here is that if the rule is that “all rules have exceptions ” ,then there are exceptions to the rule that “all rules have exceptions ”: does this mean that the rule isn t a rule or that the exception isn t an exception or that the exception to the rule that “all rules have exceptions” means that there are no exceptions ,including the exceptions to the rule that “all rules have exceptions ”…?

A sadist is a person who is kind to a masochist.

A sadist is someone who gets pleasure from hurting or being cruel to someone else. A masochist is someone who gets pleasure from being hurt. We expect the sadist to be nasty to others, including being nasty to the masochist. But the sadist knows that the masochist wants to be hurt, so being kind to the masochist (who expects to be hurt by the sadist) is a way for the sadist to get pleasure. The problem now is that the sadist is getting pleasure by not hurting someone (which means that the sadist isn t being a sadist .)A second problem is that the masochist may be getting pleasure by anticipating being hurt (which he enjoys and looks forward to )and may therefore be getting pleasure from the kindness of the sadist (who as the masochist knows ,wants to hurt the masochist )because he anticipates being hurt by not being hurt yet (which means that the masochist isn t being a masochist ).

Nothing is enough for the person to whom enough is too little .

Some people are greedy .They want more than others .they want more than the amount which would satisfy others (and be enough for them ). So for the greedy person “enough”

(for others) is always too little (for the greedy one ). So there is never “enough ”and “nothing is enough ”for the greedy person; this means there is no “enough ”.But the problem is that it may also mean that if greedy person has “nothing”. It is “enough” (because “nothing is enough”), in which case the person is not greedy and is, in fact, satisfied with nothing (since he has “nothing” which is “enough”).

If the rich could hire other people to die for them, the poor could make a wonderful living.

Everybody die at some time .Rich people may wish to keep on living because they have lots of money to enjoy their life .So if the rich people could pay poor people to die for them ,then the rich people could keep on living for longer and keep on enjoying their life. The poor would make a living (i.e., earn money to live )by dying instead of the rich .Of course ,paying one poor person to die instead of the rich person who is dying would not be enough because death is always waiting (for everybody, rich or poor),so the rich would have to keep on paying more and more poor people to die for them -----otherwise they can only postpone death for a short time .So now ,many poor people die(paid for by the rich )but the others who are still living get rich (keeping the money which their dead poor relatives received from the rich ). But these new rich people (who were poor before) will die ----unless they pay poor people to die for them. If they do so, the poor relatives of those poor ones who die for the new rich will themselves eventually become rich and will need to pay other poor people to die for them if they wish to keep on living.

Unit 5

Understanding the text

1. 2.

Exercise Diet Self-discipline Sleep

3. a 8 b 2 c 7 d 4 e 9

d)

Developing your skill Part A

Part B

2. couple (ws: a man and a woman) 3. It (pr: the unclear family) 4. contrast (c: the nuclear family) 5. he or she (pr: someone)

Extending your vocabulary

Expanding your creativity Solving a logical problem

Clues and sample sentences of deduction

Aspirin was developed in 1899.

This must have been one of the later inventions because I think the other developments are older.

Italians developed two items, one as long ago as 700 B.C.

This must have been one of the earliest developments because it was a long time ago.

Herman dresser was German but Willem Einthoven was Dutch.

They can t have developed anything ancient because Germany and Holland didn t exist as countries back then.

The EEC was developed four years after a German developed aspirin. ----The EEC was obviously developed in 1933 because aspirin was developed in 1899 and it was 4 years after that.

----Herman dresser probably developed aspirin because he was German and it was developed in Germany which would also mean he did this in 1899.

Ambroise pare was a French surgeon who worked with injured soldiers in the 16th century.

Pare must have developed the artificial limbs because he worked with injured soldiers 500 years ago.

We don t know the names of whoever developed the three oldest items. The three top left boxes must be empty because the names of the developers are unknown.

Artificial limbs we developed three centuries after glasses, which in turn were developed three centuries after vaccinations, but we don t know the exact dates.

Glasses must have developed in the 13th century. Therefore, vaccinations must have been developed in the 10th century.

False teeth were developed by unknown Etruscans(ancient Italians) This is obviously one of the two developments and they probably did this in 700 B.C. because the Etruscans were an ancient civilization.

Vaccinations were developed by a Chinese.

The Chinese developed vaccinations in the 10th century and therefore the developer is

one of the three unknowns.

With your partner discuss:

----Aspirin might be the most widely used because it is available in the supermarket; it is inexpensive and is used in many common less serious medical conditions.

-----Glasses are also very widely used .however, not all of population suffers from visual problems. Vaccinations are also widely used but require a specialist to administer them. What s more, many vaccines only need administering once in a lifetime.

-----The EEC would also be widely used in western countries where technology is readily available and heart disease more prevalent but it would be mainly used with older parties.

-----False limbs might be the least frequently used as their application is very specific to amputees and those with congenital deformities .These days doctors try to avoid amputation if possible and birth defects are less frequent as well .However, they are very important in those countries where there are wars , especially where there are landmines .

Perhaps vaccinations because they prevent simple disease from becoming fatal epidemic. We tend to take them for granted.

Before the age of the printing press, there were fewer historical records and literacy was not as common. Much information about ancient civilizations still remains a mystery.

“necessity is the mother of invention.” The developers must have been in critical need of the medical breakthroughs. Endurance, determination, resistance to criticism and the belief in oneself are essential to discover or invent something new. Unit 6

Understanding the text

1. c) 2. Paragraph 11 3. c) 4. b)

Developing your skills Part A

1. 2. 3. 4.

background

data-gathering procedure the changing concept of health factors affecting health

5. Part B

recommendations to improve young people s health

Part C

Extending your vocabulary Part A