理工A阅读押题

机会只给有准备的人。

Opportunitiesareonlyforthepreparedperson.理工阅读押题

共2篇文章

第三十四篇BatteriesBuiltbyViruses

第四十八篇ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBegan

WalkingUpright

研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因

Mostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseveryday.Theseareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdon'tquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RichmondfromGW'sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences,havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptation源于tocarrying搬运scarce稀有的,high-quality高质量的resources资源.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S.,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources,inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeape-onethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzees-towalkontwolegs.

，大我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，

多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治o华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺

）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百术与科学学院的Richmond博士博士）

、英国、日本和葡萄万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国这些来自美国、英国、

牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态

）环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先万年前的祖先）直立

行走作出解释。

"Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunder

whichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,"saidDr.Richmond.

"这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同"Richmond博士说。的，的，"

Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwolimbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuchmoreatonetimebecauseitfreesuptheirhands.Overtime,intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalchangesthatinturnbecamethesubjectofnaturalselectionwherecompetitionforfoodorotherresourceswasstrong.

，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为研究结果显示研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，

。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。直立行走直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化

，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十分也就成为自然选择的主题也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，

激烈的。

TwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversity's"outdoorlaboratory"inanaturalclearinginBossouForest.Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnut—theoilpalmnut,whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzees"behaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcopulanutswereavailable,and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.

。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块有两项研究是在几内亚完成的有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。

--"室外实验室"进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不天然空地天然空地--"--"室外实验室室外实验室"

同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)(a)只有油棕榈坚果；

只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油（b)b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c);(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。

Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prized

Insuchhigh-competitionsettings,thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheycouldinonegobyusingeverythingavailable-eventheirmouths.

，。，处于这种激烈竞争的环境中处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然很显然，

，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，

它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。

Thesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockingsofOxfordBrookesUniversity",wasa14-monthstudyofBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrateandunpredictableresources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzees'activityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.

第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的KimberleyHockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不

的活动是直立行走。而这一可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%35%的活动是直立行走。而这一

次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。

练习：1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwo

paragraphs?

根据前可段，下例那一个不对！

AManypeoplequestionthesimplehumanactivitiesofwalkingandcarryingitems.

BChimpanzee'sbehaviorsmaysuggestwhyhumanswalkontwolegs.

CHumanwalkinguprightisviewedasanadaptationtocarryingprecious

resources.

DOurancestors'ecologicalconditionsresembledthoseofmodern-day

chimpanzees.

2.Dr.RichmondconductedtheexperimentwiththepurposeoffindingRichmond博士指出试验发现

Awhenhumansbeganwalkingontwolegs.

BWhatmadeourancestors祖先walkupright.

Cwhatbenefitswalkinguprightbroughttoourancestors.

Dhowwalkinguprighthelpedchimpanzeesmonopolizeresources.

3.KyotoUniversity’sstudydiscoveredthatchimpanzees

京都大学研究发现黑猩猩

Aregardedbothtypesofnutaspricedresources.

Bpreferred首选的oilpalmnutstocopulanuts.

Clikedcoulanutsbetterthanoilpalmnuts.

Dignored忽视bothtypesofnutaltogether.

4.WhydidthechimpanzeeswalkontwolimbsduringKyotoUniversity's

experiment?

在京都大学的试验中黑猩猩为什么直立行走？

ABecausetheyimitated模仿thehumanwayofwalkingjustforfun.

BBecausetheywantedtopleasetheresearcherstogetmorecoulanutsfromthem.

CBecausetheywantedtogettothenut-richforestfasterbywalkingthatway.DBecausetheywantedtocarrymorenutswithtwofreelimbs.

5.Whatcanweinfer推断fromthereadingpassage?

从本文中可以推断出什么？

AChimpanzeesareinthesameprocessofevolutionasourancestorswere.BChimpanzeesaresimilartohumansinmanybehaviors.

CWalkingontwolimbsandwalkingonfourlimbseachhavetheiradvantages.DHumanwalkingontwolegsdevelopedasameansofsurvival.

答案与题解：

1.A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常，并不质疑这种习惯。而A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出来.

2.B文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。

3.C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果(ignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether)，集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。

4.D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。

5.D了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D，人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段.直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及.文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。

第四十八篇ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUprightMostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseveryday.Theseareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdon'tquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RichmondfromGW'sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences,havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptationtocarryingscarce,high-qualityresources.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S.,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources,inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeape-onethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzees-towalkontwolegs.

"Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunderwhichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,"saidDr.Richmond.

Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwo

limbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuchmoreatonetimebecauseitfreesuptheirhands.Overtime,intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalchangesthatinturnbecamethesubjectofnaturalselectionwherecompetitionforfoodorotherresourceswasstrong.

TwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversity's"outdoorlaboratory"inanaturalclearinginBossouForest.Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnut—theoilpalmnut,whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzees"behaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcopulanutswereavailable,and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.

Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prizedresourceandcompetedforthemmoreintensely.

Insuchhigh-competitionsettings,thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheycouldinonegobyusingeverythingavailable-eventheirmouths.

Thesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockingsofOxfordBrookesUniversity",wasa14-monthstudyofBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrateandunpredictableresources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzees'activityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.

练习：

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

AManypeoplequestionthesimplehumanactivitiesofwalkingandcarryingitems.

BChimpanzee'sbehaviorsmaysuggestwhyhumanswalkontwolegs.

CHumanwalkinguprightisviewedasanadaptationtocarryingpreciousresources.

DOurancestors'ecologicalconditionsresembledthoseofmodern-day