Occupational health and safety and environmental management(6)

企业环境管理

44A.Honkasalo/EnvironmentalScience&Policy3(2000)39±45

cedures,anddraftingenvironmentalpolicyandestablishingcanRedingerevaluatingstandards(ICFTU,1998).

andandshouldandLevinetakepart(1997)inconsiderthatemployeestheaudits,becauseitcanincreasethird-partytheircredibilitycerti®rmationWorkerscanalsohavesuchfocustheandauditshazardstoessentialconnectedfactors.

toonthemworkthatmethodscanhelpandto2.5.Measurementofperformanceandfollow-upindustrialAlthoughofsitesenvironmentalcanbehardimpactstoshow,causedthedevelopmentbyspeci®cmoreenvironmentalperformancelevelcanusuallybeofisticaloccupationaleasilymeasuredmisleading¯uctuationshealthinofoccupationalandaquantitativesafety.waythanthataccidentsForexample,cangivestat-astatisticssituationofpicturereasonsintheoccupationalaboutactualpastanddiseasesperformanceitcanbecanlevel.Thepossiblealsore¯ectthataThus,factorsalthoughfortheiramountastheitoccurrencedonotexistanymore.theworkingsisimportantoforganisationthatsuchpreventiveandusedvironmentalasaandmeasurequalityoftraininggiventoworkerstheareters,andoccupationaloftheperformancehealthlevelofbothen-latter.thisactiveBSis8800even(1996)moreconsistimportantofexamplesinandtheofcasesafetymat-theseofpro-theusedThemonitoringindicatorsdataoftheinitsinformativeAnnexE.rateinFinlandconsistofResponsiblelosttimeinjuriescarefrequencyprogramriesdamage(injuries/million(hour/millionman-hoursman-hoursworked),worked)numberandpropertyofinju-di cultduenumberstomeasuretoaccidents(million/year).BecauseitisareofEHScoursesthequalityandemployeeoftraining,onlythehealthreported.talandsafetyTheandcapitaloperationspendingonenvironment,participationsponsibleHowever,protectioncompanycareinarethealsomeasured(CIFF,costsfor1999).

environmen-indicatorsinternationalstillvarylevelfromtheselectedRe-nationalToInternationalmeetorandfromcountrytocountryaccordingcompanytotothelocalgrowingconcernsexpectationsandparameterofstakeholders,de®nitions.theseekingsafetywaysCounciltoreportsoftheChemicalindustry'sAssociationsislevel(ICCA,andenvironmental1999)

performancedatahealthatglobaland3.Discussionandconclusions

mattersTheintegrationofoccupationalhealthandsafetyhelpcompaniesintoenvironmentaltoavoidduplicatedmanagementmeasuressystemsand®nd

cansolutionsrisksturesinanthatoptimalhandleway.bothenvironmentalandsafetymustbeofHowever,thefollowingfea-takencurrentintoenvironmentalaccount:

engineeringpractices1.Life-cycleassessmentsdonotusuallycontain2.environment.

workEnvironmentalbestcontainavailabletechnicaltechnologytechnologysolutionscandata-basesthatbebiasedandcansoreportsthattheyof3.pationalweakenoccu-Peoplesafety

easilytheirthancanenvironmentalconsideroccupationalrisksassafetyanaturalrisksmore4.cupationalwork.Thiscanleadtothesituationwherepartoc-ofThemanydevelopmentrisksareofunderestimated.

theperformancelevelcanin5.protectioncasesEnvironmentalthanbemoreinoccupationaleasilyshownhealthinenvironmentaldemandmattersemployeemanagementparticipation.systemsandsafety.Inoccupationaldonottheprocess.itisimportantthatworkerscanin¯uenceThementsproblemsdescribedabovebothinlife-cycleassess-largelyandinenvironmentaltechnologydatabasesarethateconomics.arecausedappliedbytheinenvironmentalmodelsofproductionengineeringprocesses¯owtheofmatter/energyThesemodelsthroughusuallyconsistofonlyandtheariesemissionstotheenvironment.thesystemThesystemandspeciallybound-outPartlyorareisde®nedsothatthehumanworkforceisleftemissionsthisonlyisunderstandable,apassiveobjectbecauseofharmfulfactors.hasing.beentheandtheenvironmentalimpactsthereductiontheycauseofsafetyFromthemainviewpointconcernofofoccupationalenvironmentalhealthengineer-andmaticwhenandthiskinditcanofpracticecan,however,beproble-ment.

essentialriskleadfactorstofalseareneglectedoptimisationinthesolutionsassess-aimInductionisthetonewparadigm,`IndustrialEcology',themaindevelopment.processgivethatengineeringful®lsthesciencedemandsamodelofpro-de®nedditionalinamoreAccordingly,wideandthecomplexsystemwayboundariesofsustainablethanintra-arePowersenvironmentalengineering.AccordingtotwoworldessentialandChertowconcepts:(1997)(1)attentionIndustrialtoEcologythejoinsfullasthatwellcycleasasystem(ecology)and(2)attentionnaturaltotheasoftohumaninstitutions,modi®cationtheprimaryofthatenvironmentthusandtersocialbemodi®cationseendevelopmentasasystem(industry).IndustrialinstrumentsEcologycanofbythatadjustingcansupportthe¯owsaneconomiccriticalandofmatterloadsenergy¯ows,of(thetheindustrialmetabolism)withinofmat-thedematerializationecologicalsystems.ofTheproductsclosingand

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