Occupational health and safety and environmental management(4)

企业环境管理

42A.Honkasalo/EnvironmentalScience&Policy3(2000)39±45

advicematters.

inbothenvironmentalandoccupationalsafety2.3.Policyplansandvisions

programThebuildingphasesandupoftheenvironmentalpolicyandmentinintroductionsettingupofofthetargetsareessentialplansystem.Thecompanythecanenvironmentalformulateitsmanage-policytakeandprogramandsetitstargetssothattheycanTheyintoimpactsmust,accounthowever,thespecialfocusfeaturesofitsactivities.getvironmentalsettingcausedmustbyleadtheto®rm,continuedandoninimprovementthethewhole,fundamentaltheoftar-en-clearlymeasurableperformance.contentandTargetstime-tables.

mustalsohave2.3.1.vironmentalItappearsFuturetrends

thatthevisionsoffuturetrendsofcompanies.betterandabilitiesThemattersthebetterstronglyin¯uencegoalsettingen-of®rmcantheintegratetrendsareitsdescribed,thebusinessoccupationaltrendsaregoals.healthandsafetygoalsenvironmentaltotheirleastimportantInagreement(Honkasalo,withthis1998):

thefollowing.developmentofinternationaland.plansandlegislation;

nationalpolicy.developmentdevelopmentofamongcustomers,oftechnologyvalues®nanciers,andandeconomy;

NGOs,perceptionthepublicofrisksand.media;

developmentplansoccupationaltobene®tofhealthfromactivitiesandenvironmentalofothercompaniessafety.protectiontheirandThenewrecenthistoryofenvironmentalpolicyincatastrophestheenvironmentalpublicarena.problemscanunexpectedlyshowsemergethatwhereandnewMajorscienti®caccidents,resultscreateenvironmentalsituationsshortsystemsperiodnewenvironmentaloftime.Thelegislationgetscreatedinauncertaintyarestillpoorlyunderstoodcriticalloadsandofintroducesecologicalimpactsthem.

andtheintoactionsthepredictionsneededtopreventofenvironmentalandcontrolnationalLonglastingtrendscan,however,beseenwasmanagementwaterenvironmentalqualitypolicy.Themainissueininter-onceemphasiswithmanagement,afocusonacidi®cation.followedbyairqualityity,globalisclimateshiftingtoextendedproducerresponsibil-ThemaindevelopmentItislikelythatissuesthesocialandsustainabledimensiondevelopment.ofthebusinesswillbecomeimportantandofasustainablewiderrolefromcorporateinsociety,humanrightsstrategicwillbemoreandmoreoftenonandcon¯ictagenda.preventionSocialissuestolabour

rangestandards,productanti-corruptionmeasures,supplierrelations,improvedareorcurrentlyaccessintegrity,excludedtojobscommunityinvestmentanddueandtopoverty,servicesethnicity,forpeoplewhoinEspeciallydisability(Nelson,therole1999).

gendercorelabourcodesandstandardsinternationaldevelopingcountries,arealreadyimportantissuespationalpolicydevelopments.Accordingly,occu-incanbecomeincreasinglyhealthandmoreofabesafety,partseenandofsameinpolicyenvironmentalwhole.

documentsmatters,and2.3.2.ValuationofenvironmentalandrisksThesettingcanperceptionin¯uenceoftargetenvironmentaloccupationalriskssetting.andoccupationalceptsbeingsareshouldnotbeunderestimated.TheirroleTheinriskagendacon-riskhandlepartrisksofcomplexassignssocialwhichstructures.carryHumanaretativeincreasinglymanagementcalculatedbothenvironmentalandpresentedandmeaning.safetyrisksInever,way.

seldomforms.estimateEmployeesorrelateandordinaryriskspresentedcitizens,inaquanti-inhow-thisticTheattitudetowardsrisksseemtobeandinnotingreadilythatindustrial-basedthussocieties.Riskscausedhighlybydualis-others,tolerated.wedoOnnotthefeelothercapableofa ecting,arelevelsisvoluntary,peopleseemtohandacceptwhenhigherrisktak-riskInunknownaddition,thanwhenresearchtheyhasbelievetheycannotavoidarisk.dentsual'sconstructiondeathsaredangers,moreandspeciallyshownthattowardsattitudemajortowardsacci-innegativetra c,atthanmachinerythosetowardsshopsindivid-andtimationAllthesebiasessites.

onarefactorswhichcanleadtooveres-pationalcannothealthofenvironmentalandsafetyrisks.risksEnvironmentalcomparedtooccu-risksonly.haveManybecontrolledimpactscanbytheactionofanindividualareHowever,long-lastingbepoorlyknownandcantheoccupationalandevencatastrophicdimensions.environment.moreeasilytakenasanaturalhealthpartandofsafetyrisksafraidForofoccupationalMaleworkersaccidentsinterviewed(Honkasalo,wereindustrialnot1992).verythoseexample,toldfactorswhichprofessionalcouldn'tdiversa ectwereafraidofonlydoesthatthehighestriskiscausedbythemselves.aforemanTheywhothetheimpropernotknoworganisingtheproblemsofofdivingworkandthusdodiverssitecanjeopardiseothertheworkdiver'sactivitiessafety.Theynearningnotfatalout,evenreports.divingalthoughseemtobeconcernedabouttheairrun-accidents,thiswasaccordinginvolvedtointhemostaccidentofthemediately,Inheavyingarescueanddivingsuitairdoesnotmoveoutim-isthethusdiver'sthemostownactions.

importantfactora ect-