11 John D. Rockefeller

The man behind Standard Oil set the mold for our tycoons—first by making money, then by giving it away.

12 Ulysses S. Grant

He was a poor president, but he was the general Lincoln needed; he also wrote the greatest political memoir in American history.

13 James Madison

He fathered the Constitution and wrote the Bill of Rights.

14 Henry Ford

He gave us the assembly line and the Model T, and sparked America’s love affair with the automobile.

15 Theodore Roosevelt

Whether busting trusts or building canals, he embodied the “strenuous life” and blazed a trail for twentieth-century America.

16 Mark Twain

Author of our national epic, he was the most unsentimental observer of our national life.

17 Ronald Reagan

The amiable architect of both the conservative realignment and the Cold War’s end.

18 Andrew Jackson

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The first great populist: he found America a republic and left it a democracy.

19 Thomas Paine

The voice of the American Revolution, and our first great radical.

20 Andrew Carnegie