Grammar现在完成时(Present perfect tense)

现在完成时(Present perfect tense)

(一) 现在完成时的基本用法： 1. 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚 刚完成。 I have finished my work. We have set up many new factories.

2. 动作发生在过去, 强调对现在的结果、 影响等。 Have you ever seen the film “Harry Potter”? I’ve spent 3 years in the countryside.

3. 表示动作发生在过去, 并且一直持续 到现在, 甚至还可能继续下去, 句中 使用持续性动词, 且常有表示一段时 间的时间状语。We haven’t seen each other for ten years. I’ve been an English teacher for about 20 years.

4. 现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语 从句中, 表示将来某个时刻之前已经完 成的动作。 e.g. I’ll go home as soon as I have finished my homework. Please lend me that book if you have finished reading it.

(二) 使用现在完成时的句型 1) 现在完成时+since + 点时间状语(名词、 短语、从句, 其中从句用一般过去时) 2) 现在完成时+ for+ 段时间状语 3) It / This is the first /其他序数词/ last time + that 从句中, 从句使用现在完成 时。

★ 注意: 在下面的句子中, 主句的谓语 动词常用一般现在时： It is three years since I began to work on the farm. It’s a long time since I saw you last.

(三)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时表示某一已经完成的动作 对现在造成的结果或影响, 强调的是 现在的情况, 所以不能与表示过去的 时间状语连用; 一般过去时只表示某 一动作或状态在过去发生或存在过, 与现在不发生联系, 它可以与表示过 去的时间状语连用。

He has read that book. (说明他现在知道那本书的内容) He read that book last year. (只说明他去年读过那本书 ) He has gone to America. (他现在不在此地, 在美国) He went to America. (只说明他去过美国)

(四) 终止性动词与延续性动词： 1. 终止性动词: 表示短暂的运动状态, 不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,常 用的动词有: come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive, reach, get, get up , join, marry, open, close, give, lend, borrow, finish, break, see, hear, notice, find, understand, die 等。

2. 延续性动词: 表示长时间的运动状态,能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 常用的动词有: live, study, work, teach, stay, read, play, fly, talk, rain, eat, run等

Exercises:

1. --- How are you today? --- Oh, I ____ as ill as I do today for a very long time. A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt

2. --- ___ David and Vicky ___ married? --- For about three years. A. How long have; been B. How long have; got C. How long were; being D. How long did; get

3. It is the third time you __ late this week. A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. are arriving 4. --- Did you enjoy your holiday? --- Wonderful. It is years ___

__ I enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. when C. before D. since

5. When I was at college, I __ threeforeign languages, but I ___all

except a few words of each.A. spoke; had forgotten

B. spoke; have forgottenC. had spoken; had forgotten

D. had spoken; have forgotten

6. --- Where ____ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere. --- I _____ right here. But now it’s gone. A. did you put; have put B. had you put; was putting C. have you put; put D. were you putting; have put

7. The price ____, but I doubt whether it will remain so. A. went down B. will go down C. was going down D. has gone down 8. They are discussing the problem the whole afternoon, but they ___ a decision so far. A. didn’t reach B. won’t arrive at C. haven’t come to D. all above

9. —I have bought an English-Chinese dictionary. —When and where ____ you ____ it? A. do; buy C. have; bought B. did; buy D. had; bought

10. — I heard the peasants here ___ verypoor in the past.

— Yes, but there ____ great changes inthe past few years. A. were; were B. have been; have been C. have been; were D. were; have been

Complete the conversation. Use the preset tense of the verbs in brackets, and for or since where appropriate. Mike: Hi, Kate. Kate: Hi, Mike. Mike: I haven’t seen your brother around for a long time. _____ he ______ moved Has (move) to a new neighborhood?

Kate: No, he ______ ______ (move) to a hasn’t moved new country! He ____ _____ (be) has been in Australia ______ last year. since Mike: Australia! That’s great country. ______ you ever _____ (be) there? Have been