lecture 5_Morphology

Lecture 5

授课题目 : morphology.

教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication. (2) Let students know how new words are formed.

教学重点 Teaching focus

(1) word and word classes (2) word, morphemes, morph allomorph (3) types of morphemes (4) morphological rules (5) the formation of new words

and

Revision exercises

What is phonology? What is the similarities and differences between phonetics and phonology ? How can we distinguish a phone, a phoneme and an allophone? What is a minimal pair? Give us some examples.

What is Morphology

Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed

Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.

For example: “Purify”-----consists of two orthographic parts: “pur(e)” and “ –ify”, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective. This is called a morphological rule. “doing”---consisted of two orthographic parts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing participle.

形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.

What

is a word?

What

are the main features of a word?

What do you think of the following definitions of a word?

A word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. A word is a”minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.

The four characteristics of a word

A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]

A word is symbolic. It stands for something else such as object, happening or ideas. “table” Words are part of the larger communication system we call language. “I teach linguistics” Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75)

The definition of a word and the classification of words

A word is a meaningful and grammatical language unitwhich can be used by its own.

Every word belongs to a certain word class and in English ,words can be divided into the following ten classes: n.v.adj.adv.prep.pron.article,determiner, conjunction, interjection. These ten word classes can be divided into Open Class and Closed Class

Open Class refers to noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, because we

can regularly add another morpheme or a new word tothese word classes. E.g. “boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.

Open class words are also termed lexic

al words or contentwords or variable words for they all carry certain semantic contents.

Eg. Book

books

book s working

Work works

worked

Fast faster fastest

Closed Class

refers to prep. Article, conjunction, interjection;pron, and determiner, because it is impossible to add new words to these classes of words.

Closed words are also called grammatical words or function words, or invariable words

since their roles are largely or whollygrammatical.

Is a word the smallest meaningful linguistic unit? What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?

What

is a morpheme?(词素)

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic

unit that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaning.This means that it can not be further divided into smaller grammatical units. A morpheme may be a complete word or an affix.

For example: “ book”, “help”, clap” ,”from” ------words composed of one morpheme for they are the minimal but grammatical unit.

“television”, gentleness” ----words composedof two morphemes.

“unavoidable”---a word composed of threemorpheme.

Rely Rely+able Rely+able+ity Un+rely+able+ity

one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes

Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted

uneducated inspiring horsemanship

See

the exercises 1 and 2 on

page 82

1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship

1) geography 2) inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) forget + -(t)en 4) Washington 5) inform + -ation 6) industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation 7) pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) pre- + conscious

Allomorph(词素变体):An allomorph isthe different variants of the same

morpheme. It can be phonologically ormorphologically conditioned.

See more on p. 82