美国法典(United States Code)简介(2)

美国法典(United States Code)简介

律修订委员会办公室只能对法律作一些必要的技术处理，如涉及到法律含义等重大问题时，则必须报经国会审议通过。

　　美国法典每隔六年重新编纂颁布一次，目前最新版本是1994年法典，共35卷。在六年期间，每年将国会当年通过的法律按照法典编排的序号，编辑成一个补充卷。在新的法典尚未编纂之前，人们可以通过补充卷来查阅和引用最新的法律规定。

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Wikipedia中，对《美国法典》的结构有着更清楚的介绍。

The Code is divided into 50 titles (listed below), which deal with broad, logically organized areas of legislation. Titles may optionally be divided into subtitles, parts, subparts, chapters, and subchapters. All titles have sections as their smallest basic coherent unit, though sections are often divided into subsections, paragraphs, and clauses. Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order. For example, in Title 26 (the tax code), the order of subdivision runs Title - Subtitle - Chapter - Subchapter - Part - Subpart - Section - Subsection - Paragraph - Subparagraph - Clause - Subclause. In Title 38 (Veteran's Benefits) the order runs Title - Part - Chapter - Subchapter - Section. Put another way, the Title is always the largest division of the Code, and the section the smallest (except for subsections, paragraphs, clauses, etc.), but intermediate levels vary in both number and sequence from Title to Title.

The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume," although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes. Similarly, no particular size or length is associated with other subdivisions; a section might run several pages in print, or just a sentence or two. Some subdivisions within particular titles acquire meaning of their own; for example, it's common for lawyers to refer to a "Chapter 11" bankruptcy or a "Subchapter K" partnership.

A sample citation would be 5 U.S.C. § 552a, the Privacy Act of 1974. A lawyer would read that out loud as "Title five, United States Code, section five hundred fifty-two A."

When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there. This is necessary so that lawyers reading old cases can understand what the cases are talking about. As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes. For example, Title 8, Chapter 7 is labeled "Exclusion of Chinese." This contains historical notes relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is no longer in effect.


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50卷《美国法典》分卷标题中英对照一览表

第1篇 总则
第2篇 国会
第3篇 总统
第4篇 国旗和国玺，政府所在地，以及各州
第5篇 政府组织与雇员
第6篇 国内安全
第7篇 农业
第8篇