Aqtvlxl机械制造及自动化毕业设计外语文献翻译

stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)

However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead

consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a

continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels).

Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.

Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.

Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400

series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.

The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of

aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.

Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels,

depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can

produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining.

Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.

Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have