现实主义文学

1、Realism 特征：①Mechanization 机器化

②urbanization 城市化，许多人涌入城市，阶级差异明显

③induseridization 工业化

④federal government (race种族平等进入宪法)标志着马克.吐温的《镀金时代》开始 ⑤railway system 工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用发挥了重大作用。 wrence的作品中突出了对铁路的描写。

2、文化特征：①女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多。②开始关注中产阶级。Mid class. ③现实主义 realism，New York replaced Boston as the nation’s literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。

3、Realism： Mark Twain local colorist 本土色彩浓厚

Henry James psychologist 心理描写深刻

Naturalism 自然主义 pessimistic 悲观的

Environment 环境

Heredity (lower) 底层的继承

4、Calvinist family Predestination 预知的

卡尔文主义 Pessimism 悲观的

悲观的，宿命的 tone(诗歌基调) tragic 关注死亡 Death and immortality(永恒)

5、两个作家的比较 Dickinson Whitman

关注点： inner world of individual 关注个人内心 Society / large 关注社会 形式： free verse free verse

语言： concise、direct、simple 简洁、直接的 ( diction )

1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。

3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、自然主义：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ， 产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,