仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

IDEA Four-Team Parliamentary Debate Rules IDEA 议会制四队辩论赛规则 议会制四队 四队辩论赛规则 The rules of IDEA Four-Team Parliamentary Debate are intended to closely follow those of the Worlds Universities Debating Championships (WUDC). They differ in some places to provide tournament directors options of deviating from the WUDC rules when they need to do so. The Teams and Motions The teams supporting the motion in the IDEA Four-Team Parliamentary Debate are referred to as the "Proposition." The teams arguing against the motion are known as the "Opposition" teams. A “motion” is the statement around which the debate takes place. The motion divides the ground in the debate between the Proposition and Opposition teams and should allow for reasonable arguments both for and against. IDEA 议会制四队辩论赛谨遵循世界大专辩论赛(WUDC)的规 则。两者略有不同之处，以便比赛主办方根据需要灵活操作。

参赛队伍及辩题 在 IDEA 议会制四队辩论赛中，支持辩题的队伍为“正方” ,反对辩 题的队伍为“反方” 。 “辩题” ,即辩论所围绕展开的议题。辩题将辩手分为正反两方，且 双方均有合理辩论的余地。

通常，辩题于各轮比赛开始前十五或三十分钟公布；每轮辩题均不 Ordinarily, motions are announced shortly before each debate begins. A , different motion will be used for each debate and will be presented to the debaters 相同。有时，辩题范围(如“环境问题”“国际关系”等)甚至辩题本 at a specified time, usually fifteen to thirty minutes prior to the debate. In some 身也会在大赛开始前公布。 situations general topic areas (for example “environment” or “international relations”) or even specific motions themselves may be announced prior to the tournament. The motion will be announced to all debaters simultaneously in a central location. Preparation time will be between fifteen and thirty minutes, at the discretion of the tournament director. In general, debaters may confer with their debate partner during preparation time. In some cases, a Tournament Director may allow debaters to confer with their coach or tutor. During this time the debaters may consult any written materials. The rules of the World Universities Debating Championships permit debaters to access any written material during the debate; other tournaments permit the debaters to access only the notes they made in preparation time. Electronic retrieval devices typically are not allowed during preparation, though electronic dictionaries typically are permitted for secondlanguage speakers. 辩题将在一个中央地点向所有辩手公布。准备时间为十五至三十分 钟，由大赛主办方规定。通常，辩手在准备时间内可以与自己的搭档讨 论。某些情况下，主办方也允许辩手与教练或带队老师讨论。此间，辩 手可以参阅任何纸质资

料。世界大专辩论赛允许辩手在辩论过程中使用 任何纸质材料；而其他比赛仅允许辩手在准备时间内使用事前准备好的 资料。准备期间，通常可以使用电子词典，但禁止使用其它一切电子设 备。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

The Debate Format Four teams participate in each debate: two on the Proposition and two on the Opposition. Each team works independently to either support or oppose the motion. Each team is made up of two speakers; each speaker will present a speech not to exceed 7 minutes in the order prescribed below. Summary of the Debate Format

辩论模式 每场辩论由四队参加：正方两队，反方两队。各队独立准备。每 队两名辩手，每位辩手按如下顺序陈词，不超过 7 分钟。

辩论模式简要

Team 1st Proposition, 1st Speaker 1st Opposition, 1st Speaker 1st Proposition, 2nd Speaker 1st Opposition, 2nd Speaker 2nd Proposition, 1st Speaker 2nd Opposition, 1st Speaker 2nd Proposition, 2nd Speaker 2nd Opposition, 2nd Speaker

Common Titles for Speaker “Prime Minister” “Leader of the Opposition” “Deputy Prime Minister “Deputy Leader of the Opposition” “Member for the Government” “Member for the Opposition” “Government Whip” “Opposition Whip

Time 7 minutes 7 minutes 7 minutes 7 minutes

辩手 正方一队，一辩 反方一队，一辩 正方一队，二辩 反方一队，二辩 正方二队，一辩

7 minutes 反方二队，一辩 7 minutes 7 minutes 7 minutes 正方二队，二辩 反方二队，二辩

辩手名称 首相"Prime Minister" 反对党领袖"Leader of the Opposition" 副首相"Deputy Prime Minister" 反对党副领袖"Deputy Leader of the Opposition" 内阁成员"Member for the Government" 反 对 党 成 员 "Member for the Opposition" 内阁党鞭陈词"Government Whip" 反 对 党 党 鞭 陈 词 "Opposition Whip"

时间 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟 7 分钟

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Parliamentary Points of Information Debaters may offer a point of information (either verbally or by rising) at any time after the first minute, and before the last minute, of any speech. The debater holding the floor may accept or refuse points of information. If accepted, the debater making the request has fifteen seconds present the point of information. During the point of information, the speaking time of the floor debater continues. If accepted, the debater offering the point of information is allowed to ask a question, offer a brief argument, or offer a brief refutation of some point. The debater who accepted the point of information should respond to the point immediately. No other parliamentary points such as points of order or points of personal privilege are allowed.

议会制辩论质询 在所有陈词中，除第一分钟及最后一分钟外，辩手都可以口头示意或 直接起立提出质询。正在发言的辩手可以接受或拒绝该质询。一旦质询被 接受，质询者有 15 秒的时间陈述

自己的意见。质询时间将被计算在陈词时 间内。

如质询被接受，质询者可以提问、提出一个简要论点或者对某一观点 进行简要反驳。正在发言的辩手应该立即对质询作出回应。

议会制辩论中只允许质询这一种干预形式。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Speaker Roles and Speech Purposes Each speaker has a role and each speech should have a purpose. The descriptions of speaker roles and speech purposes listed below are suggestive and are not intended to be exhaustive or exclusive. For reasons that vary from debate to debate, speakers may sometimes need to fulfill roles not mentioned here and speeches may be constructed to serve other purposes as long as proposition speakers affirm the proposition and opposition speakers oppose it. Debaters will be judged on the overall strength of each team’s arguments, not simply on whether or not they fulfilled the roles and responsibilities listed in the table below.

辩手职责以及陈词目的 每位辩手在辩论中各司其职，每一次陈词也各有其目的。下表列 出了辩手职责和陈词目的，但无法穷尽，也非硬性规定。根据每场辩 论的具体情况，辩手可能需要履行下表未提及的职责，陈词目的也可 能有所变化，但只要遵循“正方维护辩题、反方攻击辩题”的规则即 可。裁判将根据各队论点的有力程度为各辩手评分，而不是简单地根 据其完成自己职责的程度评分。以下列出的职责仅供参考。

All speakers, except the final speakers for the proposition and opposition (Proposition and Opposition Whips), should introduce new material into the debate. All debaters, except the opening speaker (Prime Minister), should engage in refutation.

除正反方最后一名辩手(内阁党鞭和反对党党鞭)外，所有的辩 手都应引入新内容。除正方一辩(首相)外，所有辩手都应进行反 驳。

Summary of Speaker Roles and Responsibilities

Team Speaker First “Prime Proposition Minister”

Roles and Responsibilities The primary role of First Proposition team, initiated in this speech, is to establish the foundation for meaningful debate on the motion. The Prime Minister’s responsibilities may include some or all of the following: 1) offer a reasonable interpretation of the motion, 2) to present a case supporting that interpretation. A case is simply one or more arguments supporting the First Proposition’s interpretation of the motion, and 3) other strategies deemed important by the Prime Minister.

队伍 正方一队

辩手职责及义务小结 辩手 职责与义务 首相 正方一队的首要任务是为一场有 意义的辩论打造一个平台。 首相的职责可参考以下数点： 1)合理诠释辩题，下定义； 2)给出支持该论点的论证体 系。论证体系是指支持第一正方论点 的一个或数个论据； 3) 使用任何首相认为重要的策 略。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

First Opposition

“Leader

of the Opposition”

The primary roles of the First Opposition team are to confront the First Government’s case and to establish the First Opposition’s strategy for opposing this case. The Leader of the Opposition’s responsibilities may include some or all of the following:: 1) to directly or indirectly refute part or all of the government's case, 2) to make at least one argument that demonstrates why the First Opposition team opposes the motion as interpreted by the Prime Minister, and 3) to pursue other strategies deemed important by the “Leader of the Opposition.” The opposition speaker may also challenge the interpretation of the government's case if it is unreasonable, that is, if it completely misinterprets the motion the motion or severely inhibits meaningful debate. The Deputy Prime Minister’s responsibilities may include some or all of the following: 1) to reestablish the First Proposition’s case by confronting any refutation presented by the Leader of the Opposition, 2) to refute some or all of the arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition.

反方一队

反对党领袖

反方一队的首要职责在于回应正 方一队提出的论证体系；并给出反对 辩题的原因。

反对党领袖的职责可参考以下数 点： 1) 直接或间接反驳正方部分或 全部论证体系； 2)至少给出一个理由，阐明反方 为何反对首相诠释的辩题； 3) 使用任何反对党领袖认为重 要的策略。

必要时，反对党领袖可以质疑正 方给出的辩题定义，如正方给出定义 完全不合理或严重影响辩论质量。质 疑定义只能正方在极端曲解辩题时使 用。

First “Deputy Proposition Prime Minister”

正方一队

副首相

副首相的职责参考如下：

1) 攻击反对党领袖对正方提出的反 驳，并重新建立起正方论据；

2) 反 驳 反 方 提 出 的 部 分 或 所 有 论 据；

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

3) to further develop the case presented by the Prime Minister, and 4) other strategies deemed important by the Deputy Prime Minister. First "Deputy The Deputy Leader of the Opposition’s Opposition Leader of the responsibilities may include some or all Opposition" of the following: 1) to continue refutation initiated by the Leader of the Opposition, 2) to reestablish the Leader of Opposition’s arguments against the motion, 3) to initiate a new argument against the motion as interpreted by the First Proposition team, and 4) to purse other strategies as deemed important by the Deputy Leader of the Opposition. Second “Member of The primary roles of the Second Proposition the Proposition team are to support the Government” First Proposition team while simultaneously moving the proposition position in a new and positive direction. The responsibilities of the Member of the Government may include some or all of the following: 1) to briefly support the case developed by the First Proposition team, 2) to introduce a different argument, sometim

es called a “case extension” which is consistent with yet different from the case introduced by the First Proposition team, and 3) to pursue other strategies deemed

3) 深入阐释 正方论证体系； 4) 使用任何副首相认为重要的其它 策略。 反对党副领袖的职责参考如下：

反方一队

反对党副领 袖

1) 继续反驳正方论据； 2) 重 申 反 对 党 领 袖 反 对 辩 题 的 论 据； 3) 继续阐释反方一队反对辩题的理 由； 4) 使用任何反对党副领袖认为重要 的其它策略。

正方二队

内阁成员

正方二队的基本职责是支持正方 一队的观点，同时提出己方新的论据 支持辩题。正方二队应在不抛弃正方 一队论点的基础上形成和发展自己独 立的论证。 内阁成员的职责参考如下：

1) 简要支持正方一队的观点；

2) 阐释 一个或数个独立的、与正方 一队不重复的论点；

3) 使用任何政府成员认为重要的策 略。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Second Opposition

“Member of the Opposition”

important by the Member of the Government. The primary roles of the Second Opposition team are to support the First Opposition team while simultaneously moving the opposition position in a new and positive direction.

反方二队

反对党成员

反方二队的基本职责是支持反方 一队的观点，同时提出新的论据反对 辩题。反方二队应在不抛弃反方一队 论点的基础上形成和发展自己独立的 论证。 反对党成员的职责参考如下：

The responsibilities of the Member of the Opposition may include some or all of the following: 1) to briefly support one or more arguments introduced by the First Opposition team, 2) to introduce direct and/or indirect refutation to the case extension presented by the Member of Government, 3) to introduce some new argument, compatible with, but different from that of the First Opposition Team, and 4) to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Member of Opposition. Second “Government The responsibilities of the Government Proposition Whip” Whip may include some or all of the following: 1) to support any new arguments introduced by the Member of Government, 2) to reply to any new arguments introduced by the Member of Opposition, 3) to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition Teams, especially from that of the Second

1) 简要支持第一反方的观点； 2) 直接或间接反驳内阁成员引 入的新论点；

3) 阐释 一个或数个独立的、与 第一反方不重复的论点；

4) 使用任何反对党成员认为重 要的策略。

正方二队

内阁党鞭

内阁党鞭的职责参考如下：

1) 维护政府成员提出的新论点；

2) 回 应 反 对 党 成 员 提 出 的 新 论 点；

3) 从正方(特别是正方二队)的 角度总结整场辩论；

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Proposition team, and 4) to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Government Whip. The Government Whip should not in

troduce new arguments into the debate. The responsibilities of the Opposition Whip may include some or all of the following: 1) to support any new arguments introduced by the Member of Opposition, 2) to reply to any new arguments introduced by the Member of Government, 3) to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition Teams, especially from that of the Second Opposition team, and 4) to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Opposition Whip.

4) 使用任何正方陈词认为重要的 策略。 内阁党鞭除反驳反对党成员提出的 论点外，不可引入任何新论点。 反方二队 反对党党鞭 反对党党鞭的职责参考如下： 1) 维 护 反 对 党 成 员 提 出 的 新 论 点；

Second Opposition

“Opposition Whip”

2) 回应政府成员提出的新论点；

3) 从反方(特别是第二反方)的 角度总结整场辩论； 4) 使用任何反对党党鞭认为重要 的策略； 反方陈词不可引入任何新论点。

评判标准 Adjudication 议会制四队辩论赛通常由一个裁判小组来评判，这些裁判都受过 Four-team parliamentary debates typically are judged by a panel of adjudicators trained to judge this form of debate. Following the debate, 专门的训练，懂得如何评判此种辩论。辩论后，四支队伍从第一至第 each of the four teams is ranked first through fourth and each speaker on 四的排名可见分晓。每队每位辩手将根据各自的表现获得相应分数， each team is assigned a certain number of speaker points for his or her 把每队辩手的分数相加就得到了这队的总分。 efforts. The members’ speaker points then are combined for the team’s points.

The primary decision made by the adjudicators is the ranking of 裁判们将首先评定各队的排名，主要依据每队论证的质量。裁判 teams. The determination of a team’s ranking is made primarily on the 可以评判论证的力度、跟其他队的论证相比所发挥的作用以及对证明 assessment of that team’s arguments. The adjudicators may evaluate the 或反驳该辩题的重要性。每队的排名可根据其总体表现和在以下方面 strength of arguments, the function of the arguments relative to those of 做出的贡献来评定，如对辩论中各议题的影响、对辩论大方向的引导 other teams or the importance of particular arguments to the teams’ effort

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

to prove or disprove the motion. The ranking of each team may also be 和辩论质量的提升。 based on that team’s effort, considering that team’s influence over the issues in the debate, each team’s contribution to the general direction and quality of the debate, as well as the team’s overall performance. The adjudicators will make a secondary decision about the number 裁判们进一步评定每位辩手的分数。典型的评分制度是，满分 of points each speaker receives. Typically, points are awarded on a 100100 分，70 分是

平均分。得分范围通常在 55 到 85 间，只有辩论水平 point scale with a 70 being average. Ordinarily, the range of points is 极高或极差，才会得到这一范围之外的分数。 between 55 and 85 points, with points awarded outside this range only for extreme examples of high quality or low quality speeches. If the tournament uses consensus judging, the adjudicators— typically a panel of three adjudicators led by a more experienced chair— discuss the round and attempt to reach consensus on the decisions described above. If the panel cannot reach consensus, the will of the majority will prevail. Following the adjudication, the Chair typically offers a brief oral adjudication that explains how the panel arrived at their rankings and offers constructive feedback for the debaters. If the tournament does not use consensus judging, each judge will reach his or her decision independently, without discussion and these independent decisions will be tallied by the tournament director.如果比赛采用“共识评分制” ,裁判团(通常由三位组成，其中经 验最丰富者担任主席)进行讨论，并尽力就各自之前做出的两种评定 达成共识。如果裁判组无法达成共识，则采纳多数意见。评判结束 后，主席通常会做出简单的口头评判，以解释裁判团如何确定各队的 排名，并为辩手们提供建设性的反馈意见。如果比赛不采用“共识评 分制” ,那么每位裁判独立评判，不进行讨论，这些独立的评分由赛事 总监计算和统计。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Interpreting a Motion

解释一个辩题 解释一个辩题Principles of Interpreting a Motion

解释辩题的原则 I. 定义有可能产生不同意义的词汇。

I.

Define any ambiguous terms

II.

Outline a framework within which the debate will take place.

II.

列出立论的框架

A. B.

This framework should be consistent with the motion

A.该框架必须与辩题保持一致

This framework ordinarily will include a proposed B. 该框架通常包含一项由正方提出并证明可行的方案。 action that the proposition team will defend. 1. 执行者：该方案由谁执行？个人、团体、国家或 是国际组织，等等。

1.

Actor: Who should take this action? Person, group, state, international organization, etc.

2.

Action: What undertake?

policy

should

this

actor

2. 行动：执行者应该采取什么样的政策？

III

The framework should be a “reasonable” one for debate. III. 确保该框架的“合理性” 。判断这一点可以看一个有智慧、有 Would an intelligent and competent person agree that this 能力的人是否觉得这一辩题所构建的框架近乎合理。 framework is a reasonable approximation of the motion.

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Example of Interpreting a Motion

示例：解释辩题 示例：解释辩题

Motion:

The PRC should strengthen policies to enhance worker 辩题：中华人民共和国应强化保障工人安全

的政策。 safety. Most definitions are clear. We define “strengthen” as 定义：大多数词汇的定义都是清晰的。我们把“强化”定义为 “to make stronger.” Therefore the motion asks for a 。因此，这个辩题要求先介绍现有政策，再讨论如何 policy that begins with a current policy and makes it “加大力度” 加大力度。 stronger. The framework for this debate will be the following 框架：该辩题框架如下。 policy proposal./ A. B. Actor: The Peoples’ Republic of China Action:Enact legislation requiring coal miner operators to pay families of coal miners killed in workplace accidents 1,000,000 Yuan each. A. 执行者：中华人民共和国 B. 行动方案：制定法律要求煤矿经营者赔偿每名死难 矿工家庭一百万元人民币。

Definitions:

Framework:

Student Exercises for Interpreting a Motion

练习: 解释辩题 练习 解释辩题 I. 将学生分成若干小组。

I. II.

Divide students into small groups. Select a different motion and ask groups students to construct reasonable interpretations of that motion.

II. 选择不同辩题，要求各组学生对各自辩题进行合理的解 释。 III. 每组选出一名代表在全班范围内讨论他们对辩题的解释。

III. Each group will appoint a spokesperson to discuss their interpretation with the larger group.

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Principles of Constructing a Case for the Proposition I. A case for the proposition is one or more arguments that I. support the framework presented by the proposition team.

正方立论的基本原则

II.

正方立论需要提出一个以上的论点已构成立论 框架 Necessity–Policy–Benefits method of organization II. “必要性-方案-好处” 结构法 A. 必要性：是否有必要改变现行政策？ 现行政 A. Necessity: Is there a need for changing the current policy? Does the current policy create problems? 策是否产生了问题？Policy: Present the action that the proposition team proposes as an alternative to the current policy. Benefits: Will the action proposed by the affirmative team be of any benefit? Will it solve or alleviate the problems occurring because of the current policy?

B.

B. C.

方案：正方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案。 好处：正方的提案有何好处？它会解决或缓解 现行政策引发的问题吗？ 优势比较法 方案：正方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案。 优势：显示出正方提案将有何收效。

C.

III.

Comparative Advantage Method of Organization A.

III.

Policy: Present the action that the proposition team A. proposes as an alternative to the current policy. Advantages: Show how one or more advantages will result by replacing the current policy with the B. alternative action proposed by the proposition team. 1. Show that the proposed action creates some effect. 2. Show that the effect has desirable consequences.

B.

1. 举出新方案产生的效应。 2. 举出这些

效应引发的积极影响。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Example of a Case for a Proposition Necessity–Policy–Benefits Method

示例： “必要性-方案-好处”结构法 辩题：中华人民共和国应该加强保障工人安全的政策。

The PRC should strengthen policies to enhance worker safety. I. Necessity. A. Coal mine deaths are significant. At least 3,800 people died in the PRC from coal mine accidents last year. Coal mine deaths are out of proportion in the PRC. China produces 35% of the world's coal yet has 80% of the world's coal miners' deaths. Current policy is to pay 200,000 yuan to families of deceased coal miners.

I. 必要性。 A. 煤矿工人死亡人数众多。去年至少 3,800 名矿工死 于矿难事故。 B. 中国的煤矿产量和工人死亡人数比例反常。中国煤 矿产量占世界 35%,但矿工死亡数占世界 80%。 C. 现行政策是给已故矿工的家庭支付 200,000 元人民 币。

B.

C.

II.

Policy. We propose that The People's Republic of China enact legislation requiring coal mine operators to pay the families of coal miners killed in workplace II. 方 案 。 我 们 提 议 ， 立 法 规 定 ， 赔 偿 金 额 应 增 至 accidents 1,000,000 yuan each. 1,000,000 元人民币。 Benefits: A. Fewer miners will die.

III.

III. 好处：矿工死亡人数将会减少。 Our policy increases the economic penalty for miner A. 该提案加大处罚力度，将赔偿金额提高到原来的 death by five times. 五倍。This increase will provide an economic incentive for companies to improve workplace safety.

B.

B. 新提案将敦促煤矿公司改善工作环境，提高安全 系数。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Example of a Case for a Proposition Comparative Advantage Method

示例： 示例：比较优势法

This House believes that the PRC should strengthen policies to 辩题：中华人民共和国应该加强保障工人安全的政策。 enhance worker safety. Policy: We propose that The People's Republic of China enact legislation requiring coal mine operators to pay the families of coal miners killed in workplace accidents 1,000,000 yuan each. 提案：我们提议，中国立法规定，矿主给每位在矿难中死亡的矿 工家庭支付1,000,000元人民币。

Advantage I: The proposition’s proposed policy would decrease accidental death of mine workers. A. Coal mine deaths are significant 1. At least 3,800 people died in the PRC from coal mine deaths last year. 2. Coal mine deaths are out of proportion in the PRC. China produces 35% of the world's coal yet has 80% of the world's coal miners' deaths. Current policies are not strong enough 1. Current policy is to pay 200,000 yuan to families of deceased coal miners. 2. This policy does not provide enough of an incentive to increase mine workers’ safety The Proposition plan will help alleviate the problem. 1. The proposition proposes to increase the fine for a mine worker’s death by five times. 2. Such an increase will provide an economic incentive f

or companies to improve workplace safety.

优势 I: 正方提案将会减少矿工的死亡。 A. 矿工死亡人数众多。 1.中国去年至少 3,800 名矿工死于矿难事故。 2.中国的煤矿产量和工人死亡人数比例反常。中国煤矿 产量占世界 35%,但矿工死亡数占世界 80%。 B. 现行政策力度不够。 1.现行政策规定，向每名死亡矿工的家庭赔偿金额为 200,000元人民币。 2. 这项政策不足以敦促矿主增强矿工工作环境的安全 性。 C. 我们提出的方案将有助于缓解问题。 1. 该提案加大处罚力度，将赔偿金额提高到原来的五倍。 2. 新提案将敦促煤矿公司改善工作环境，提高安全系数。

B.

C.

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Note: The proposition team is not required to present more than one 注：正方不一定要举出一条以上的比较优势，但如果他们愿意， comparative advantage, however, if they choose, they can present 可以用以上方式，举出更多的优势。 additional advantages if they wish using the same format as described above.

优势II: 正方提案不仅会减少事故挽救矿工的生命，还能提高 Advantage II:In addition to saving lives by reducing accidents, the 采矿效率。 proposition’s proposed policy would increase mining efficiency. A. Chinese mines are not efficient 1. Chinese coal mines are 8.8% as efficient as South African coal mines. 2. Chinese coal mines are 2.2% as efficient as American coal mines. The proposition policy will increase efficiency. 1. By creating an economic incentive for worker safety, the policy will reduce accidents which results in fewer delays in extracting coal. 2. By increasing the cost of coal miners’ deaths, coal companies will have an added incentive to invest in advanced mining technology which will increase the efficiency of coal production. Greater efficiency helps to ensure steady energy supplies which will expand the economy and improve the quality of life for all Chinese. A. 中国采矿效率偏低。 1. 中国采矿效率是南非工人的8.8%。 2. 中国采矿效率是美国工人的2.2%。 B. 提案将会提高采矿效率。 1. 经济处罚，将减少事故，从而减少事故造成的工期延 误。 2. 增加矿工死亡成本，将迫使煤矿公司投资先进技术来 提高煤矿的生产效率。

B.

C.

C. 采矿效率提高将确保能源的稳定供应，有助于经济发展 和生活质量的改善。

仅供参考学习,请勿盗用

Student Exercise for Constructing a Case for the Proposition I. II. Divide students into small groups.

练习:学生组织正方立论 练习:学生组织正方立论 I. 把学生划分若干小组。

Select a different motion and ask groups of students to construct a case for the proposition using one of the three II. 给出辩题，请学生使用必要性-方案-好处结构法， methods: necessity–policy–benefits , comparative advantage 或比较优势法立论。也可以换一种方法重新立论。 case, or evaluation

method. This can be repeated using all three methods. Each group will appoint a spokesperson to discuss their constructed case with the larger group.

III.

III. 每个小组选出一名代表向全班陈述本组立论。