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托福听力TPO2原文 Lecture 1-智课教育旗下智课教育

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TPO2 Lecture 1

Psychology

Narrator

Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is

discussing behaviorism.

Professor

Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founderof behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed thatpsychologists should study only the behaviors they can observeand measure. They’re not interested in mental processes. Whilea person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hearthem to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you canobserve is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observemuscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation ofthinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.

Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx,in other words, related to the voice box . . . he thought thosehabits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for veryyoung children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneselfbecause they talk out loud even if they’re not trying tocommunicate with someone in particular. As the individual

matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking tooneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One ofthe bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are

trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increasedmuscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put

electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscleactivity—you discover that when people are thinking, like ifthey’re diligently trying to solve a problem, that there ismuscular activity in the throat region.

So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, orthinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of

responses—and in this case the response he observed was thethroat activity. That’s what he means when he calls it a

laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going tobe saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinkingcan be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory . . .yes?

Student

Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people whosign? I mean deaf people?

Professor

Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds indeaf individuals who use sign language when they’re givenproblems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in theirhands when they are trying to solve a problem . . . muscle

changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on inthe throat region for speaking individuals.

So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of

muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by WilliamJames. It’s called ideomotor action.

Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our

noticing it, without our being aware of it. I’ll give you onesimple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eyemovement that occurs with your thinking about that location. Inparticular, from where we’re sitting, imagine that you’re asked

to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes andthink of the library, and if you’re sitting directly facing me, thenaccording to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to theleft, to your left, ‘cause the library’s in that general direction.

James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motoraction, and that’s why it’s called “ideomotor action”—anidea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friendsand relatives, you can change this simple process into a magictrick. Ask people to do something such as I’ve just described:think of something on their left; think of something on their

right. You get them to think about two things on either side withtheir eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And ifyou do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearly theeye movement—that is, you can see the movement of theeyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I’ll tellwhich you’re thinking of.

OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular

activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we’vebeen talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives tothis motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are

equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might accountfor this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it isthinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way toanswer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.

翻译

独白：听一段心理学讲座。教授在探讨行为主义。

教授：如今，很多人认为约翰沃森是行为主义的创立者。和其他的行为主义者一样，他认为心理学家应该只研究可见和可测的行为。他们对心理历程并不感兴趣。当一个人进行心里描述时，没人见，无人听，也没人验证其报道的精确性。而你能观察到肌肉运动规律。

约翰沃森做的是观察肌肉运动规律，因为他把这些看成是思考的一种表现。他研究的一种规律是喉部规律。沃森认为喉部规律嗯，从喉头

开始，换句话说，与喉头相关他认为这些规律是思考的符号。他认为对很小的小孩而言，思考就是大声跟自己讲话，因为小孩即便是自言自语时声音也不小。当这个孩子长大后，公然自言自语 …… 此处隐藏：3915字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……