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托福听力TPO2原文 Lecture 1-智课教育旗下智课教育

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TPO2 Lecture 1

Psychology

Narrator

Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is

discussing behaviorism.

Professor

Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founderof behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed thatpsychologists should study only the behaviors they can observeand measure. They’re not interested in mental processes. Whilea person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hearthem to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you canobserve is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observemuscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation ofthinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.

Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx,in other words, related to the voice box . . . he thought thosehabits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for veryyoung children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneselfbecause they talk out loud even if they’re not trying tocommunicate with someone in particular. As the individual

matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking tooneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One ofthe bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are

trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increasedmuscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put

electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscleactivity—you discover that when people are thinking, like ifthey’re diligently trying to solve a problem, that there ismuscular activity in the throat region.

So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, orthinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of

responses—and in this case the response he observed was thethroat activity. That’s what he means when he calls it a

laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going tobe saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinkingcan be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory . . .yes?

Student

Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people whosign? I mean deaf people?

Professor

Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds indeaf individuals who use sign language when they’re givenproblems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in theirhands when they are trying to solve a problem . . . muscle

changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on inthe throat region for speaking individuals.

So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of

muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by WilliamJames. It’s called ideomotor action.

Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our

noticing it, without our being aware of it. I’ll give you onesimple example. If you think of locations, there tends to be eyemovement that occurs with your thinking about that location. Inparticular, from where we’re sitting, imagine that you’re asked

to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes andthink of the library, and if you’re sitting directly facing me, thenaccording to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to theleft, to your left, ‘cause the library’s in that general direction.

James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motoraction, and that’s why it’s called “ideomotor action”—anidea leads to motor activity. If you wish to impress your friendsand relatives, you can change this simple process into a magictrick. Ask people to do something such as I’ve just described:think of something on their left; think of something on their

right. You get them to think about two things on either side withtheir eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully. And ifyou do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearly theeye movement—that is, you can see the movement of theeyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I’ll tellwhich you’re thinking of.

OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular

activity is equivalent to thinking. But given everything we’vebeen talking about here, one has to ask: are there alternatives tothis motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are

equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might accountfor this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it isthinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way toanswer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.

翻译

独白：听一段心理学讲座。教授在探讨行为主义。

教授：如今，很多人认为约翰沃森是行为主义的创立者。和其他的行为主义者一样，他认为心理学家应该只研究可见和可测的行为。他们对心理历程并不感兴趣。当一个人进行心里描述时，没人见，无人听，也没人验证其报道的精确性。而你能观察到肌肉运动规律。

约翰沃森做的是观察肌肉运动规律，因为他把这些看成是思考的一种表现。他研究的一种规律是喉部规律。沃森认为喉部规律嗯，从喉头

开始，换句话说，与喉头相关他认为这些规律是思考的符号。他认为对很小的小孩而言，思考就是大声跟自己讲话，因为小孩即便是自言自语时声音也不小。当这个孩子长大后，公然自言自语变成悄悄自言自语，但此时思考时喉部肌肉依然活动。

我这么说的理由之一是当人们要解决一个问题时，他们的，嗯，喉部肌肉运动增加。也就是说，如果你将电极紧贴喉部来测量肌肉潜能——肌肉活动——你会发现当人们的思考的时候，这么说，如果他们在努力解决一个问题时，喉部肌肉就在活动。所以，沃森提出一个观点：解决问题或思考问题可以定义为一系列的活动——一连串的反应——而在这个案例中他观察到的反应是喉部运动。这正是他把这一现象称之为喉部运动规律的原因。在我正在思考打算说什么的时候，我喉咙的肌肉正在作出相应的运动。所以，可以通过测量肌肉活动的形式来测量思考。也就是机动理论你要问什么？

学生：嗯，布莱克教授，沃森有没有碰巧研究过用手势交流的人？我说的是聋哑人？

教授：他确实研究过，嗯，先提前说两句吧，我们发现当用手语交流的聋哑人面临需要解决各种各样的问题时，他们用手部肌肉的活动来解决问题手部肌肉在变化，就好像健全人的喉部肌肉在活动一样。所以，在沃森看来，思维是跟肌肉的运动是一致的。

被威廉詹姆斯发扬光大的一个与思维相关的一个理念叫做动念动作。动念动作是一种我们意识不到的活动，我们察觉不到它的存在。我给你们举一个例子。如果你在想一个地方，很可能你的眼球就在重现你在想的那个地方。特别是当我们坐在教室里试想我们学校的图书馆。

如果你闭着眼睛想着学校图书馆，同时你现在就坐在我的面前，那么根据这个概念，你的眼球会轻轻地往左边转动，因为校图书馆总的说来在那个方向。詹姆斯和其他研究人员认为这个想法是引出机动理论的引子，也就是为什么被称之为“动念动作”的原因——机动理论之源。如果你想在亲友们面前炫一下的话，你可以将这个简单过程改装成魔术把戏。让“魔粉”按照我这样的描述去做：想想在你左边的东西;想想在你右边的东西。

你让他们闭上眼睛想在左右各两样东西，然后仔细观察他们的眼睛。如果你仔细观察的话，你会清晰发现他们眼睛的活动——也就是说，

你能看到他们眼球的运动。之后，你跟他们说想其中一个然后我告诉你想的是什么。好嘞，嗯，沃森假设肌肉运动等同于思维。但就我们今天讨论的这一切，有人不免要问：有与机动理论相仿的理论——声称肌肉运动等同于思维的理论吗？有无可以解释肌肉活动的这种变化，除了说与思维相关的其他说法吗？(答案是)肯定有的。有无回答这个问题的确切答案？我认为没有。

以上就是托福听力TPO2原文中Lecture 1的文本内容，希望大家能够用心体会，更多TPO文本内容小编稍后为您呈现。最后，小编祝大家在托福考试中取得好成绩！