语言学课件 Chapter 3 Lexicon

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Chapter 3 Lexicon

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3.1 What is word

Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or Written It is hard to define “word” scientifically. 3.1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit: Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks. Phonological and orthographic(书写上) Problem: When liaison and contracted forms occur

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2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys (one word or two words?) check, checks, checked, checking (one word or four words?) Lexeme(词位): the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts Write---write, writes, wrote, writing, written Fat---fat, fatter, fattest

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3) A grammatical unit:

sentence clause phrase word morpheme

Each of these is called a RANK. All the ranks constitute a hierarchical scale. Problem: free morphemes or words: black, bird, air,

craft, town, hall

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3.1.2 Identification of words1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged But it is all right for us to rearrange the parts or constituents in a sentence to a certain degree. The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word.

chairman﹡manchair

disappointment

dis + appoint + ment

Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.

(Even) Paul (even) didn’t (even) love (even) Jane (even).

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3) A minimum free form: Leonard Bloomfield(1933): Sentence: the maximum free form Word: the minimum free form the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi, Darling, Wonderful, Yeah

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3.1.3 Classification of words1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant

follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.

2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

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The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a sentence together (function words). 3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Grammatical---lexical words closed-class---open-class words Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle in

finite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, Auxiliary verbs:

with regard to, in spite of, be means of

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4) Word class: It is close to the notion of Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Nine word classes are established: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, article.

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Some new categories: a. Particles(助词): the infinite marker(to), the negative marker(not), the subordinate units in phrasal verbs (get by, do up, look back) b. Auxiliaries(助动词): used to be regarded as verbs, linguists tend to define them as a separate word class rather than verbs. NEGATION: I can t come. INVERSION: Is he coming? CODE: I ll come and so will Bill. EMPHASIS: He has come.

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c. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词词组)or a single noun. Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame s hiding there, behind the door.

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d. Determiners(限定词): those words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has, e.g. the, a(n), some, all Quirk, et al. (1985: 253): three subclasses of determiners: Predeterminers: all, both, half, double, twice, three

times, one-third, one-fifth Central determiners: a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no, either, neither, my, our, your, his, her, its, their

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Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals(基数词), ordinal numerals(序数词), general ordinals(一般顺序词): next, last, past, (an)other, additional and other quantifiers like many, a few, several, much, little, a lot of, plenty

of, a great deal of, a great number of

When different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order of predeterminers + central determiners + postdeterminers.

﹡their all trouble ﹡five the all boys

all their trouble all the five boys

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Within each subclass, the members are usually exclusive of each other.

*the this boy *all both girls

But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occ …… 此处隐藏：4170字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……