笔记 戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记

Chapter 1 What is language?

The human larynx is lowered, creating a longer cavity called the pharynx, and making it easier for t he human to choke on the pieces of food, but making the sound speech possible. The human brain is lateralized. Those analytic functions (tool-using and language) are largely confine d to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans. Two major functions of language: Interactional: a social function of language. Transactional: a function involving the communication of knowledge and information [B] The properties of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. a) System: combined together according to rules b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing in the world which it ref ers to c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages d) Human: language is human-specific(交际性与信息性) Communicative vs. Informative: Communicative: intentionally using language to communicate something Informative: through/via a number of signals that are not intentionally sent Design features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it fro m any animal system of communication 跨时空性，移位性) ① Displacement(跨时空性，移位性) Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker (re fer to past and future time and to other locations) 任意性) ② Arbitrariness(任意性) There is no logical or natural

connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its m eaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopoeic words b) some compound words 能产性，创造性) ③ Productivity(能产性，创造性)

Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals b y its users. (Creativity or open-endedness) 文化传递性) ④ Cultural transition(文化传递性) While human capacity for language has a genetic basis (everyone was born with the ability to acqui re a language), the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learnt. 可分离性) ⑤ Discreteness(可分离性) Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 双重结构性，两重性或二元性) ⑥ Duality(双重结构性，两重性或二元性) Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds which are meaningless. The higher level is morpheme or word (double articulation) The above six properties may be taken as the core features of human language. Vocal-auditory channel, reciprocity, specialization, non-directionality, or rapid fade, these properties ar e best treated as ways of describing human language, but not as a means of distinguishing it from other systems of communication. [C] The development of written language 象形文字和表意文字) ① pictograms & ideograms(象形文字和表意文字) Pictogram: when some of the pictures came to represent particular images in a consistent way, we c an begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms. Ideogram: the picture developed as more abstract and used other than its entity is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideogram Hieroglyph: 古埃及象形文字 语标书写法) ② Logograms(语标书写法) When symbols come to be used to represent words in a language, they are described as examples of word-writing, or logograms. “Arbitrariness”—a writing system which was word-based had come into existence. Cuneiform--楔形文字—the Sumerians (5000 and 6000 years ago) Chinese is one example of its modern writing system. Advantages: two different dialects can be based on the same writing system.

Disadvantages: vast number of different written forms. 音节书写法) ③ Syllabic writing(音节书写法) When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing. The Phoenicians: the first human beings that applied the full use of a syllabic writing system (ca 10 00 BC) 字母书写法) ④ Alphabetic writing(字母书写法) Semitic languages (Arabic and Hebrew): first applied this rule The Greeks: taking the inherently syllabic system from the Phoenicians via the Romans Latin alphabet and Cyrill

ic alphabet (Slavic languages) ⑤ Rebus writing Robus writing evolves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the s ound of the spoken word used for that entity.

Chapter 2 What is linguistics?

① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time. ③ Speech and writing Spoken language is primary, not the written ④ Langue and parole Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological) Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use ⑤ Competence and performance Proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky (psychological) Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

Chapter 3 Phonetics and phonology

[l] [bild]-- a dark [l] (~) [l] [hel ]-- a dental [l] ( ) [p] [pit]-- an aspirated [ph](h) [p] [spit]-- an unaspirated [p] (no diacritic) [n] [ b tn] a syllabic nasal [n] ( )

[D] Classification of English consonants In terms of manner of articulation (the manner in which obstruction is created) ① Stops: the obstruction is total or complete, and then going abruptly [p]/[b], [t]/[d], [k]/[g] ② Fricatives: the obstruction is partial, and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mo nth [f]/[v], [s]/[z], [ ]/[ ], [ ]/[ ], [h] (approximant) ③ Affricates: …… 此处隐藏：10060字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……