初中英语语法精讲

发布时间:2024-10-30

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

一.名词 I. 名词的种类:

II. 名词的数:

1. 规则名词的复数形式:

名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:

2. 不规则名词复数:

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

III. 名词的所有格:

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成:

2. ’s所有格的用法:

3. of所有格的用法:

用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

二.冠词

冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

II. 定冠词的用法:

III. 零冠词的用法:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

三.代词:

I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:

II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:

each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no:

no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other

way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball.

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

四.形容词和副词 I. 形容词: 1. 形容词的位置:

1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:

II. 副词 副词的分类:

III. 形容词和副词比较等级:

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

I. 介词分类:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

I. 动词的时态:

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式:

II. 动词的被动语态:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

5

现在进行时

am/is/are being asked

10

含有情态动词 的

can/must/may be asked

被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not, 短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。 固定结 构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. 注 意 事 项 Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that… It is well known that… It is reported that… It is generally considered that… It must be pointed out that… It must be admitted that… It is said that… It is supposed that… It is hoped that…

下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 The book is worth reading twice. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.

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对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

七.情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法:

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III. 情态动词注意点:

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

八.非谓语动词

I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

区别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前 发生 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时 发生 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作 之前,现已经

完成 区别 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于 it 把 不定 式 不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义 不变,并且还能用 what 来提问主语或表语。 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比 较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用 it 做形式主语, 做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被 very, quite, rather 等副词 分词 修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示 主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态, 含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。

举例 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. Shall we go to the swimming pool? the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 举例 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语时常用) It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. The book is well written. ( 常 见 分 词 有 astonishing, moving, tiring, 式) disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed 形

V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:

动名 词

无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语, The situation is encouraging.

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对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

九.定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别:

对初中语法进行了提炼总结,语法的讲解紧扣初中英语,简便易懂

IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

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