土木工程专业英语作业翻译

土木工工程专业英语作业翻译答案

1、Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, 1. 土木工程作为最老的工程技术学科，是指对建筑环境的规划、设计、建设及管理。此处的

环境包括按照科学原理建造的所有结构，从灌溉排水系统到火箭发射设施。

2、Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass大宗, 大量 transit运行, 运输 , and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers , and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan , design ,and build complete cities and towns , and more recently have been planning and designing space platform to house self-contained communities.

2. self-contained a. 沉默寡言的, 自足的, 完备的 adj. 设施齐全的，独立自足的

土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他公共设施，这些构筑物对现代社会和大量人口聚集区是非常有必要的。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他用作工业，商业和住宅用途的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划、设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。

3、The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then , the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.

3 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工

程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程被用于指从事公共设施建造的工程师，尽管该领域范围非常广阔。

4、Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water , sewer , and power lines. geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.

4 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为若干个不同的技术专业。不同类型的工

程需要多种不同土木工程师的技能，一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，确定公用事业的位置，如水的管线、下水道和电力线。岩土工程师则进行土力学试验以确定天然地基能否承受工程荷载。环境工程师研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何设计使工程满足政府对环境保护的需要。 5 5.Transportation specialties determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on

local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile . structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists , from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists . Based on information supplied by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor , schedule all work, order materials and