The one against the many

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P7

①author s understanding of ideology ②ancient Greek allegory (hedgehog& fox) to describe the difference between ideology &empiricism P8-9: show the source of American s mind came from Calvinist theology, by which they immune to the ideological temptation p10: example (the American Revolution) to show that US in history was immune to the temptation ideology

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Para 7

By ideology I mean a body of systematic and rigid dogma by which people seek to understand the world--- and to preserve or transform it. The definition includes two elements: one is a group of doctrines (beliefs) which are precise and not flexible and which form a system; the other is the use of these doctrines to understand, preserve or transform the world

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1)by ideology I mean: this is a way of giving a definition 2) Dogma: a belief or doctrine that is handed down by authority as true and indisputable在我看来，意识形态体系是指人们探索去理解、 维护和改变世界时所遵循的系统的、固定的信条 总和

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Para 7

In the record of this conflict, ideology has attracted some of the strongest intelligences mankind has produced--those whom Sir Isaiah Berlin, termed the “hedgehogs”, who know one big thing, as against the “foxes”, who know many small things. 1 ) The strongest intelligences: refer to those bright, perceptive people in history在意识形态体系与经验主义斗争的历史上，意识形态体系曾吸 引了人类历史上一些聪明绝顶的人物

2)Q:What is the one big thing the hedgehogs know? What is the characteristic of the foxes?

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Sir Isaiah Berlin: (June 6,1909-Nov .5.1997) was a political philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the 20th century.以赛亚· 伯林是英国哲学家、 观念史学家和政治理论家， 也是20世纪最杰出的自由 思想家之一

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2)An allusion from a Greek poet Archilochus(阿尔齐 洛科斯) Hedgehogs:刺猬 When they encounter danger, they will invariably curl themselves up into balls with the sharp spines sticking out as defense. This is the only way they know to protect themselves. The hedgehog is here being compared to the ideologist who only follow the dogma he believes in. Foxes: The foxes do not stick to one way of protecting themselves. They use many different ways to deceive their chasers. Here the author compares foxes to empiricist(经验主义)

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Para 8 Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation--- to the temptation, that is , to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive, and permanent way. Explanation: No one can say that Americans have never been tempted by the approach of understanding, preserving or transforming the world according to rigid dogmas.没有人能说美国始终如一地不受意识形态体系诱惑的影响， 也就是不受一种有序的、全

面的、永恒的方式来确定国家目 标的诱惑的影响

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Immune: adj. ①secure against (≈exempt); 不受 影响 ②relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) (= resistant) 有免疫力 e.g. He seems to be immune to criticism. 他似乎不受批评的影响。 I'm immune to smallpox as a result of vaccination. 我种过牛痘了, 所以对天花有免疫力.

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Para 8 After all, the American mind was conditioned by one of the noblest and most formidable structures of analysis mankind has ever devised, Calvinist Theology, and any intellect so shaped was bound to have certain vulnerability to secular ideology ever after. 1) mind: n. way of thinking 思维方式 2) condition: v. to affect, modify or influence 影响 3) formidable: adj strikingly impressive 令人敬畏的 4) structure of analysis: a systematic way of conducting analysis 分析体系 5)vulnerability: n. susceptibility to injury or attack 易受攻击，脆弱 6)ever after:从此以后一直

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Any intellect so shaped …= anyone who has grown under the influence of Calvinism, which also promoted material success as a means of indirectly confirming an individual s salvation, would find it difficult to resist other non-religious ideas.毕竟，美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响，这种神学是 有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的分析体系之一，而如 此形成的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响，这种神学是有史以 来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的分析体系之一,而如此形成的 思维方式一定始终容易受到世俗意识形态体系的攻击

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Calvinist Theology: the religious theory was raised by Reformer John Calvin (1509—1564). Calvin believed that God have a predestined plan to condemn some people to hell while choosing a few to save. In order to get eternal salvation, one should pay constant attention to one s inner motivation and also attentively read the Bible.

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Social Implications of Calvinism: secular Calvinism inspired people to seek profit and worldly success as a probable foretaste of God s grace and eternal salvation. Work was no longer tied simply to material needs, but also to spiritual uncertainties, a potentially limitless motivation. (Unlike other religious beliefs, Calvinism does not deny material and worldly success. In this sense, Calvinism does not stick to the religious dogmatic principle and welcome creativity in religious belief.---- shaping national character) Because these views helped to create a climate favorable to commerce, Cal …… 此处隐藏：3865字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……