chapter two speech sound partIII

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Teaching aim Introduce the phonological processes and phonological rules, the distinctive features of phonemes and the suprasegmental features.

Teaching points 1. The phonological processes and phonological rules. 2. The distinctive features. 3. The suprasegments and the suprasegmental features

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part TwoFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

The distinction and relation of phonetics and phonologyphonetics phonology

1. The basic unit of phonetics: phones——the minimal unit of language. 2. To study all the possible speech sounds as individual units. 3. To study how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived as well as their description and classification.

1. The basic unit in phonology: phonemes——the minimal unit of language which distinguishes meaning. 2. To study the speech sounds in patterns (groups). 3. To study the rules governing how sounds are grouped into groups by speakers of languages to express meaning.

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Phonological process and phonological rules A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound Regressive assimilation progressive assimilationA process of articulation in which one sound is influenced by its neighboring sound.

assimilation

Anticipatory Perseverative

Coarticulation

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Phonological process and phonological rules

A process in which a target or affected segment(目标音段或承事音段) undergoes a structural change in certain environments or contexts.

Phonological process

A set of sounds to under go the process

A set of sounds produced by the process

A set of situations in which the process applies

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

A voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

devoicingVoiced fricative voiceless / _____ voiceless

nasalizationPhonological rules [ - nasal ] [ + nasal ] / _____ [ + nasal ]

detentalization[ - dental ] [ + dental ] / _____ [ + dental ]

velarization epenthesis[ - velar ] [ + velar ] / _____ [ + velar ]

∮

[n]/ [

] _____ V

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Nominal plural forms [

[s] [z] z]

Appears after voiceless sounds Appears after voiced sounds Appears after sibilants

A process of devoicing

Rule ordering[z]The basic form UR

[s]

/ z/

[ s] / [ - voice, C ]____

The derived form: SRA process of epenthesis

[ z ] ∮∮

[

] / [ +sibilant ]______ [z]

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Distinctive featuresDistinctive features refer to the features which make one phoneme different from another in a certain group . Distinctive features are always binary features by which phonemes can be classified into two groups, one with a certain feature and

another without that.

Distinctive feature is a relative notion. The distinctive feature which applies to some phonemes may not apply to others. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature for all the English consonants, but it is not for only sonorants, because all sonorants are always [+voiced].

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

For all the speech sounds

consonants

vowels

obstruents

sonorants

[ + consonantal ]

[ - consonantal ]

[ + sonorant ]

[ - sonorant ]

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Suprasegments are the units of language which are largerthan the segment---phoneme, such as syllables, words, phrases and sentences. S Onset Rhyme Nucleus 1. empty 2. One or two, or maximal three consonants in a cluster essential Coda 1. empty 2. One or two or three or maximal four consonants in a cluster

The structure of syllable

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

More about syllable Monosyllabic words In the light of the number of syllables in words

polysyllabic words

Maximal onset principle

Maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.

语言学 第二章 语音 第三部分

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

Part ThreeFOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE

Stress

refers to the degree of force to produce a syllable. Stress is a relative notion, which means that it applies that among two syllables, one is more prominent than the other.