财政学 第02章 市场、政府与财政职能

新编高等院校经济类系列教材

财 政 学主编 辛波

中国金融出版社

Chapter2 Market、Government and 、 Financial Functions2011-11-11

Lesson1 Market Failure Lesson2 Government Intervention Lesson3 the Functions of Finance

财政学

中国金融出版社

Learning Objectives2011-11-11

Learning Objectives

In this chapter, students are required to be familiar with market failure and performance, make an understanding of the necessity of government intervention and government failure, as well as grasp the concepts and contents of financial functions.财政学 中国金融出版社 3

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅰ、Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency (ⅰ)the concept and judgment standard of efficiencyAt present, the widely-accepted judgment standard is produced by the concept of “Pareto Efficiency” of welfare economics.The so-called Pareto Efficiency or Pareto Optimality refers to this situation: if the allocation of social resources has achieved the state that any readjustment means bad results for others while makes anyone become better, this resources allocation is the best one, that is, the most efficient one. If at least one person’s situation gets better, this changed result does not make others get worse, so this change is called “Pareto Improvement”. Consequently, Pareto Optimality refers to the impossible state in Pareto Improvement. Pareto Optimality includes three conditions, that is, production optimality, exchange optimality as well as production and exchange optimality.财政学 中国金融出版社 4

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and ParetoEfficiency(ⅱ)The Presupposition of achieving Pareto Efficiency-perfectly competitive market Western economic theory has shown that market mechanism the optimality of exchange, production as well as exchange and production, but a designated presupposition is needed to achieve optimality, that is perfectly competitive market. The so-called Perfectly Competitive Market, also called purely competitive market, refers to a market structure of perfect competition without any obstacle and interference.

财政学

中国金融出版社

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency (ⅱ) The Presupposition of achieving Pareto Efficiency-perfectlycompetitive market The characteristics of perfectly competitive market: First, there are many producers and consumers in the market, but any producer or consumer cannot affect the market price; Second, products are homogeneity without difference; Third, there is no any obstacle when a factory owner is out of and in an industry, because all the resources can freely float between different trades; Fourth, in market, every buyer and seller masters all the information of the goods and markets that is concerned with his own economic decision.

财政学

中国金融出版社

Lesson

1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency (ⅲ)Running perfectly competitive market(two-sector economy) ( )In the economic running system absent of the government , there are only two basic-decision units: family (or consumer) and business (or factory owner). On one hand, a family as a consumer, purchases the goods from the business, and pays for one should pay; the business produces and provides the family with the goods, getting the sales income. On the other hand, the business purchases various production factors by means of the family pay to achieve production process; while the family sells their possessed production factors to the business in order to get money income.

财政学

中国金融出版社

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅰ、 Perfectly Competitive Market and Pareto Efficiency完全竞争市场的运行(两部门经济) (ⅲ)完全竞争市场的运行(两部门经济)monetary Products market: Companies selling Consumers buying products products monetary

Families: purchase and consume products and services possess and sell production factors

demands Factor services Factors market: Companies buying Consumers selling Factor services monetary monetary

Enterprises: produce and sell products and services employ workers, make use of factors

supply

财政学

中国金融出版社

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅱ、Market Failure and its performance (ⅰ)The Concept of Market FailureThe so-called “Market Failure” refers to fail to achieve Pareto optimality completely relying on market mechanism in some areas of resources distribution. The two classifications of market failure: market failure in the ideal market condition and market failure in deviation from the ideal market condition.

财政学

中国金融出版社

Lesson1 Market Failure2011-11-11

Ⅱ、 Market Failure and its performance (ⅱ)The Main Performances of Market Failure1.Monopoly 2. External effect 3.Supply shortage of public goods http://www.77cn.com.cnrmation incompletion or asymmetry 5.Unfair income distribution 6.Supply shortage of merit goods 7.Macroeconomic misalignment财政学 中国金融出版社 10

Lesson2 Government Intervention2011-11-11

Ⅰ. Three-Factor Economic SystemWhen it was noticed that the government as a decision unit, plays an important role in economic operation, the former two-factor economic system is expanded into three-factor one. At this time, the link among three decision units: First, family not only gets income from providing production factors , but also gets subsidies from government transferable expenditure; at the same time, except for paying for the purchasing fees, one part of the family income must pays taxes to the government. Second, the business not only provides the family and the government with th …… 此处隐藏：8491字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……