中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Chapter 01

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Chapter GoalsDescribe the layers of a computer systemDescribe the concept of abstractionand its relationship to computingDescribe the historyof computer hardwareand softwareDescribe the changing role of the computer userDistinguish between systems programmers and applications programmersDistinguish between computing as a tool and computing as a discipline

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Computing Systems

Computing systems are dynamic!

What is the difference between hardware

and software?

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Computing Systems

HardwareThe physical elements of a computing system (printer, circuit boards, wires, keyboard…)

SoftwareThe programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Layers of a Computing System

Communication

Application

Operating System

Programming

Hardware

Information

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Abstraction

AbstractionA mental model that removes complex details

This is a key concept. Abstraction will

reappear throughout the text –be sure to understand it!

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Early History of Computing

Abacus

An early device to record numeric values

Blaise Pascal

Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide & multiplyJoseph Jacquard

Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card

Charles Babbage

Analytical Engine

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Early History of Computing

Ada Lovelace

First Programmer, the loop

Alan Turing

Turing Machine, Artificial Intelligence Testing

Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC I

Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

First Generation Hardware (1951-1959)Vacuum Tubes

Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat

Magnetic Drum

Memory device that rotated under a read/write head

Card Readers Magnetic Tape Drives

Sequential auxiliary storage devices

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Second Generation Hardware (1959-1965)Transistor

Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheap

Magnetic Cores

Replaced magnetic drums, information available instantlyMagnetic Disks

Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Third Generation Hardware (1965-1971)Integrated Circuits

Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable.

Transistors

Now used for memory construction

Terminal

An input/output device with a keyboard and screen

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Fourth Generation Hardware (1971-?)Large-scale Integration

Great advances in chip technology

PCs, the Commercial Market, WorkstationsPersonal Computers were developed as new companies like Apple and Atari came into being. Workstations

emerged.

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Parallel Computing and NetworkingParallel Computing

Computers rely on interconnected central processing units that increase processing speed.

Networking

With the Ethernet small computers could be connected and share resources. A file server connected PCs in the late 1980s.

ARPANET and LANs Internet

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

First Generation Software (1951-1959)

Machine Language

Computer programs were written in binary (1s and 0s)Assembly Languages and translators

Programs were written in artificial programming languages and were then translated into machine language

Programmer Changes

Programmers divide into application programmers and systems programmers

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Second Generation Software (1959-1965)High Level Languages

Use English-like statements and make programming easier. Fortran, COBOL, Lisp are examples.

High-Level

Assembly

LanguageMachine

Language

中山大学软件工程(移动信息工程)专业课导论课件第一节课件,授课人刘宁

Third Generation Software (1965-1971)Systems Software–utility programs, –language translators, –and the operating system, which decides whichprograms to run and when.Separation between Users and HardwareComputer programmers began to write programs to be used by people who did not know how to program