英美概况 Chapter_Ⅹ

Chapter ⅩThe British Monarchy and Government

Ⅰ The Monarchy君主制

Ⅱ The Executive and Administration行政和管理

Ⅲ The Privy Council枢密院

Ⅳ Local Government当地政府

Ⅰ The Monarchy1. British political system : Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制 Constitutional monarchy : the power of the monarch is limited by the country's constitution, the legal autority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to government. 君主立宪制:君主的权利是有限的,由国家宪法,法律 autority给议会、政府的行政权力。

2. The Formation of the Monarchy 君主政体的形成① Before 1066, the Anglo-Saxon kings consulted the Great Council before taking major decision; ② 1066--1215, the king ruled alone; ③ In 1215, the Magna Carta took away some of the king's power; ④ In 1264, the first parliament of nobles met together and the constitution has evolved; ⑤ In 1689, the Bill of Rights was passed and it was the first legal step towards constitutional monarchy.the function of the Bill: strengthen the power of the parliament, while weaken the power of the monarch.

该法案的功能:加强议会的权力,而削弱君主的权利。

3. The Queen 国王⑴ The present sovereign: Elizabeth Ⅱ ElizabethⅡ came to the throne on Feb.6,1952 the full title of the Queen is " Elizabeth the Second by the Grace of God the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith".

⑵ The Power of the QueenTheoretically, the Queen is : ① the official head of the state; ② the head of the legal system of Britain; ③ the commander-in-chief of all armed forces; ④ the head of the Church of England.

Practically,① Everything she does is done on the advice of her ministers and everything has been decided in advance by Parliament or the Prime Minister together with his or her cabinet.

她做的一切工作是在她的部长们的建议,一切都已决 定提前议会或首相连同他或她的内阁。② She is above party politics, serving as a symbol of national unity, and lending dignity and significance to all things done in her name.

她是党派政治之上,作为象征国家团结,以及贷款的尊 严和意义做所有事情以她的名字命名的。

Elizabeth Ⅱ and Duck Edinburgh

Prince of Wales

Ⅱ The Executive and Administration

1.The Cabinet

内阁

The cabinet, has been transformed from its 18th century origins as a group of advisers to the monarch into the focal point of the modern executive. 内阁,已经转变了从18世纪起源，是一群顾问女王到现代执行官的焦点。

① The cabinet was not established by law, but by constitutional convention.内阁由法律还没有建立起来,但是通过宪法大会建立的。 ② It was headed by Prime Minister (who is another creation not of law). 这是以总理为首的(谁是另一个造物不是法律)。 Now,

the members of the cabinet is around 20. All of them are appointed by the Crown on the advice of the prime minister.The outstanding feature of Cabinet government is the doctrine of the collective responsibility.显著特点的内阁政府的学说是集体责任。

2.The Prime Minister 首相Prime Minister is the head of Cabinet, civil service, and the leader of the party in power. But he is limited in his choice of a cabinet . 首相是内阁的负责人,公务员,和领导的执政党。但他是有限的, 他选择在一个内阁。① He is limited by practical considerations. ② He is also limited by the conventional rule that ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. ③ There is also a longstanding tradition that ministers should be in the Commons, and so answerable to the elected representatives of the people.

The Privy Council 枢密院

The chief source of executive power in the state . 首席政府行政权力的源泉

Give private advice to the King . 给君主提供“私人”建议

The Privy Councilall Cabinet ministers 所有的内阁部长

Consists of

senior British and Commonwealth statement. 资深的英国和英联邦

the speaker of the House of Common 众议院议长房子的 常规。

Local Government

当地政府

Two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales : counties and the smaller districts 。 两级地方政府制—郡在英格兰和 威尔士:郡和比郡小的区。

The end Thank you!