The_English_Civil_War 内战

The English Civil WarThe Civil Wars James I (1603-1625) and the Parliament Charles I (1625-1649) Restoration (1660)

The Civil WarsThe English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first Civil War (1642–46) opposed the supporters of King Charles I. And the second (1648–49) was against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Reasons : Beacause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the Parliament developed into the Civil War. A. The English Civil War is also called Puritan Revolution. B. It was directly caused by the conflict between Parliament and the King over the problem of supremacy.

The Civil Wars

C. There were two sides to the argument: people who supported the king (royalists) and people who supported the Parliament’s power (parliamentarians). D.The fundamental reason was the conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes represented by the Parliament and the feudal landowners represented by the Crown. E. But it wasn’t just a war over politics: it was a war between two systems of social ( Traditional system and New system ) and economic development. Consequences : A. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. B. It paved the way for development of the capitalist production. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.

Jame I(1603-1625)

He believed that the King should be the most powerful person: that God gave him the power to be King, so no one on Earth can disagree with him. This belief was called the “divine rights of kings”,which made the Parliament really angry. James liked the Church of England : because it made him the “Supreme Governor” of the Church. He allowed a new translation of the Bible into English (Known as the “King James Version”– the first time the Bible was printed in English.) Before, the Bible was only in Latin.

The Puritans

These are protestants (non-Catholics) who have ideas that are different from the official Church of England. The Church of England doesn’t like them. Puritans believe that the Bible can be interpreted by individuals (not just the Church). Puritans believe in predestination:they believed that all men were predestined and the individual's free will played no part in his quest for salvations. Puritans want to live in separate communities to practice their beliefs. Puritans were some of the first people to leave England to go to America in 1620.You can say that America was founded by Puritans.

Charles I(16

25-1649)Charles I came to the throne in 1625 after the death of his father, James I. But he didn’t have any experience. His relationship with the Parliament was even worse than his father's. He was a pro-Catholic , also he believed his right to rule was God-given—"The Divine Right of Kings". In 1628, Parliament forced him to sign the Petition of Rights. He dissolved Parliament in 1629. For 11 years , he ruled the country without a Parliament.

Charles II

When Cromwell died in 1658, his son was supposed to be the new leader. But he was weak and inexperienced, and so he quit! So the people brought back the old Parliament. But there was also Charles II, the son of King Charles I. He was living in France after his father was executed. Charles II made the new Parliament an offer : He avoided debates, he was in favour of cooperation with Parliament . Religiously, He supported the Church of England, but was open to the other religious groups, he favoured toleration instead persecution. So the country is relatively stable. He offered to bring back the Parliament and have the Parliament run the government if they brought him back as the King of England. So on May 29, 1660, Charles II became the new King of England (and the country wasn’t a Commonwealth anymore)

Charles IIHe got on pretty well with the new Parliament, also he helped foreign trade grow. When he died, his brother James became King (King James II). Under his rule, the English colonists took over Manhattan Island from the Dutch and named it NewYork in honour of the king's brother, the Duke of York.

Glorious Revolution

King James II wanted England to become Catholic again, but the Parliament were really against this. So the Parliament had a “Glorious Revolution” : to get rid of King James II because he was Catholic. There was Mary: James’s daughter from another marriage. And she was Protestant. She was married to William of Orange (who was ruling Holland) Parliament invited them both to come to England (from Holland) to rule the country together instead of James. They accepted. James fled. And William and Mary became King and Queen (together) in 1689

Summary

It was landmark event in the world history. It involved a bloodless revolution. It implied the success of the parliament. James II (King of England) fled from England. His throne was passed to his daughter and son-in law.