Lesson 4 Professions for Women

Contents1 Warm up & Preview

2

Background

3

Text Analysis

4

Extension

ContentsWarm up: sexism against women Background: Virginia Woolf; Stream of Consciousness Text appreciation: the organization of the speech; the characteristic of language in the speech; the rhetorical devices Extension: introduction to the most influential women in the world

I have to keep silent

In which fields are women discriminated?

Sexism against WomenThe term 'sexism' is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and expressed by either men or women is called male chauvinism. Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the "weaker sex". Women's lower status can be seen in cases. equality under the law, political representation of women, access to education and employment, language women victims of domestic violence, self-ownership of a woman's body, the possible impact of pornography on women The feminist movement promotes women's rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues.[p :’n gr fi:]色情描绘,

Women’s social statuswomen did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until 1918. New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all women) America (1920) Japan (1954) China (1953) In a survey, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who thought that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in Jordan, 85.6% in Guinea [‘ɡini] , 85.4% in Zambia, 81.2% in Laos, and 81% in Ethiopia [i:θi’ upj ] Women in the past have been excluded from higher education. When women were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in English and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study considered suitable to women's "lesser intellects.“

Women have historically been excluded from participation in many professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male profession, they have faced many additional obstacles

Professional discrimination continues today, according to studies done by Cornell University and others. It has been hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University of Toronto led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10 percent of female authors get their papers published when their gender is hidden. Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually always earn more than a woman doing the exact same job. Many countries around the world make it mandatory(强制的，义务的) for males to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in the United States are required to register for military con

scription to be drafted to war or military service.

Pre-class workTeaching Hours: 8 Pre-class work for Lesson four 1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the groups) 2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works, contribution, influence, writing style) 3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives, influence) 4. The characteristics of the language in this essay. (using specific examples to explain) 5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this essay and explain how they function in the essay.

BackgroundHer educationIn her father’s library

Her health3 Mental breakdowns

Her professionsA book reviewer; Hosting gatherings of artists and writers A novelist and essayist

Her marriageLeonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics

Her Writing Styleexperimentation and innovation in novel writing the psychological realm of her characters and the moment-by-moment experience of living the techniques of interior monologue and stream of consciousness poetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich historical and literary reference

Stream of ConsciousnessA psychological term Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes.1. 2. 3. 4. Monologue Psycho-analysis Montage Poetic and musical quality 1. 2. 3. Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Dorothy Richardson, Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce, Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Virginia Woolf

Stick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image; "he used his computer to make a collage of pictures

Her major worksThe Voyage Out (1915)《远航) Night and Day (1919) 《时时刻刻》 Jacob’s Room (1922) 《雅各布的房间) Mrs. Dalloway (1925) 《黛洛维夫人》 To the Lighthouse (1927) 《到灯塔去》 Orlando: A Biography (1928)《奥兰多》 A Room of One’s Own (1929)《自己的房间》 The Waves (1931)《海浪》 The Years (1937) 《岁月) Three Guineas 《三个基尼) Between the Acts 《幕间》 闹鬼的屋子及其他(The Haunted House and Others)(短篇小说集)

ModernismModern literary practices. Also, the principles of a literary school that lasted roughly the beginning the 20th century until the end of World War II. Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary conventions of the nineteenth century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions and economic values.

现代主义意识流小说 1、意识流小说是20世纪初期(20年代)兴起于西方，以表现人们 的意识流动、展示恍惚迷离的心灵世界为主的小说。认为文学应表 现人物的意识流动，尤其是表现潜意识的活动，人的意识流动遵循 的是“心理时间”,而非物理时间。   2、它以象征暗示、内心独白、自由联想等意识流的创作方法为主 要特征，在本世纪20—30年代英、美、法等国形成一个颇为

壮观的 现代主义文学流派。 3、意识流小说家所运用的艺术手法各有侧重，但艺术特征是共同 的：“作家退出小说”;情节淡化；大量的内心独白和自由联想； 时空交替和心理时间；象征暗示和对比联想；语言使用上的创新和 变异。   4、代表作家是爱尔兰的乔伊斯和英国的伍尔芙，法国的普鲁斯特 和美国的福克钠。

特点详细解说：   1、内心独白：意识流小说直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生态， 不加以条理化、逻辑化，作家退出小说，主观干预较少，注重表现 人物的意识活动本身。  2、采用自由联想的方式，在某对象 上稍许停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打断从前的思维过程而展开新 的思绪。   3、主观性、随意性强，常打破时空限制，跳跃性较大，从心理结 构组织流程，而传统小说多在时空的推移中展开情节。   4、内容和题材上，传统小说往往全知全能，而在意识流小说中作 家地位下降，读者的参与性加强，不注意刻画典型人物，凭借人物 的意识来写人，情节淡化。

代表作家及其作品：   1、爱尔兰的乔伊斯：《都柏林人》、《青年艺术家的肖像》  2、英国的沃尔夫：《墙上的斑点》、《到灯塔去》  3、法国的普鲁斯特：《追忆逝水年华》  4、美国的福克纳 《喧哗与骚动》(1929),反映了南方望族康普 生家的没落。小说创造了复合意识流方法，使运用意识流手法去发 掘人物的内心生活方面达到了新的高度。着重表现昆丁的变态心理 和班吉神经错乱的潜意识活动。人物(长子昆丁、二子杰生、小儿 子班吉、女儿凯蒂) 

Text AppreciationPart I (paras. 1-2 ): Part II (para 3 ): Part III (para 4 ): Part IV (para 5 ): Part V (para 6 ): Part VI (para 7):the beginning part, introducing the topic under discussion. the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer. a transitional link between her 1st and 2nd experiences. her 2nd experience in her profession of literature. sums up the author’s two experiences. conclusion of her speech

Part I (paras 1-2)What is the topic under discussion?The author introduces her experience as a female writer to illustrate the obstacles facing all women while they pursue professions.

Para 1In which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for women?

Profession of literature

Science; Medicine; Law

Why?In the profession of literature, the road was cut many years ago by many famous women writers as well as many more unknown and forgotten women writers who have been before her, who have made the path smooth, regulating her steps.

The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.

There was no need for a writer to spend much of the family money in order to write.

维多利亚社会已经形成的家长制度是基于对女性的一种 假定——女性是低等的因而必须依赖于男性。而这种假 定同样也作用于去定义男性作为女性的对立面——男性 是强壮、理性、有侵略性和优秀的。在这样的系统中， 男性优越性是建立在女性低劣性的基础上，因此，妇女 运动对于男性地位的威胁十分明显。男性不仅害怕失去 他们的优越地位，也担心这种社会变革将导致妇女的优 越性。