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Unit 1

Task 1:

【答案】

A.

Event

Kenny G was born. He toured Europe with his High School band. He made his first solo album. He won released his most successful album.

He won the Best Artist Award. He broke the world record for playing a

single note. Year 1956 1971 1982 1993 1994 1997

B．

1) F

2) F

3) T

【原文】

Saxophonist Kenny G is now the world's most successful jazz musician. He was born in 1956 as Kenny Gorelick in Seattle, USA, and he learned to play the saxophone at an early age. When he was just 15 years old, he toured Europe with his High School band. After studying at Washington University he started his career as a musician. In 1982 he signed for Arista Records and made his first solo album Kenny G.

Success came slowly at first, but during the 1990s Kenny became well-known on the international scene. He released Breathless, his most successful album so far in 1993, and in 1994 won the Best Artist Award at the 21st American Music Awards held in Los Angeles.

As well as making records, he also found time to play in front of another famous saxophone player—US President Bill Clinton—at the "Gala for the President" concert in Washington, and to break the world record for playing a single note (45 minutes and 47 seconds!) at the J & R Music World Store in New York in 1997.

During the last 20 years, Kenny G has played with superstars like Aretha Franklin, Michael Bolton and Whitney Houston, and he has sold more than 36 million albums worldwide... and he hasn't sung a note!

Task 2:

【答案】

1) c

2) d

3) c

【原文】

Senn: Everybody always has this misconception that female policemen don't do the same

thing as men do, you know. I've worked..

Interviewer: That's not true?

Senn: That is not true! I've worked my share of graveyard shifts, and, you know, split

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shifts, and double-back and no days off, and...

Interviewer: Uh-huh...

Senn: ...as much as the next guy. There's no distinction used if there's a male or female

officer on duty. Two men on duty—I'll refer to as two men, ‘cause in my

field there's no difference between the genders. We're still the same. Okay, if there's

two men on duty—just because one's a female, she still gets in on the same type of

call. If there's a bar disturbance downtown, then we go too. There's been many

times where being the only officer on duty—that's it! It‘s just me and whoever

else is on duty in the county. They can come back me up if I need assistance. And it

does get a little hairy. You go in there, and you have these great big, huge

monster-guys, and they're just drunker than skunks, and can't see three feet in front

of them. And when they see you, they see fifteen people, and you know... But still,

there's enough...

Interviewer: That's where the uniform is important, I should imagine.

Senn: Sometimes, you know. If somebody is going to…or has a bad day, and they are

out to get a cop, you know, it doesn't matter if you're, you know, boy, girl,

infant or anything! When you've got that cop uniform on, they'll still take it out on

you.

Interviewer: Yeah...

Senn: But I think there's one advantage to being a female police officer. And that is the fact

that most men still have a little respect, and they won't smack you as easy as they

would one of the guys.

Interviewer: Uh-huh...

Senn: But I'll tell you one thing I‘ve learned—I'd rather deal with ten drunk men that one

drunk woman any day of the week!

Interviewer: Well, why is that?

Senn: Because women are so unpredictable. You cannot ever predict what a woman's

going to do.

Interviewer: Hmm...

Senn: Especially, if she's agitated, you know.

Interviewer: Emotionally upset.

Senn: Yeah. I saw a lady one time just get mad at the guy she was with

because he wouldn't buy her another drink— take off her high heel and lay

his head wide open. Yuch! Oh, they can be so vicious, you know.

Task 3:

【答案】

1) d

2) b

3) b

4) b

【原文】

You are watching a film in which two men are having a fight. They hit one another hard. At

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the start they only fight with their fists. But soon they begin hitting one another over the heads with chairs. And so it goes on until one of the men crashes through a window—and falls thirty feet to the ground below. He is dead！

Of course he isn't really dead. With any luck he isn't even hurt. Why? Because the men who

fall out of high windows or jump from fast-moving trains, who crash cars of even catch fire, are professionals. They do this for a living. These men are called ―stunt men‖. That is to say, they perform ―tricks‖.

There are two sides to their work. They actually do most of the things you see on the screen.

For example, they fall from a high building. However, they do not fall on to hard ground but on to empty cardboard boxes covered with a mattress. Again, when they hit one another with chairs, the chairs are made of soft wood and when they crash through windows, the glass is made of sugar!

But although their work depends on trick of this sort, it also requires a high degree of skill

and training. Often a stunt man‘s success depends on careful timing. For example, when he is "blown up" in a battle scene, he has to jump out of the way of the explosion just at the right moment.

Naturally stuntmen are well-paid for their work, but they lead dangerous lives. They often get seriously injured, and sometimes killed. A Norwegian stuntman, for example, skied over the edge of a cliff a thousand feet high. His parachute failed to open—and he was killed.

In spite of all the risks, this is no longer a profession for ―men only‖. Men no longer dress up

as women when actresses have to perform some dangerous action. For nowadays there are ―stunt girls‖ too！

Task 4:

【答案】

1) He started writing poetry when he was about 14 or 15.

2) He has published four books.

3) His first book came out when he was about 26. It wasn‘t easy. He got a lot of his work rejected at first.

4) The British, or at least the English, are embarrassed by it. They‘re embarrassed by people who reveal personal feelings, emotions, thoughts and wishes.

【原文】

When Thomas Edison was born in the small town of Milan, Ohio, in 1847, America was just

beginning its great industrial development. In his lifetime of eighty-four years, Edison shared in the excitement of America‘s growth into a modern nation. The time in which he lived was an age of invention, filled with human and scientific adventures, and Edison became the hero of that age.

As a boy, Edison was not a good student. His parents took him out of school and his mother

taught him at home, where his great curiosity and desire to experiment often got him into trouble. When he was six, he set fire to his father‘s barn ―to see what would happen.‖ The barn burned down.

When he was ten, Edison built his own chemistry laboratory. He sold sandwiches and

newspapers on the trains in order to earn money to buy supplies for his laboratory. His parents became accustomed, more or less, to his experiments and the explosions which sometimes shook the house.

Edison‘s work as a sales boy with the railroad introduced him to the telegraph and, with a

很全的听力答案,还有听力原文

friend, he built his own telegraph set.

Six years later, in 1869, Edison arrived in New York City, poor and in debt. He went to work

with a telegraph company. It was there that he became interested in the uses of electricity.

Task 5:

【答案】

1815， 1914， 35million

I.

A. villages，seaport

B. danger，long ocean voyage

C. a new land，a new language

D. finding a place to live

II.

a better life，opportunity，freedom

III.

A. England, Germany, Russia, Hungary

B. Roman Catholic, Jewish

C. customs，languages

IV.

A. Americanized，disappeared.

B. haven't disappeared，customs，identities

V.

A. were cheated，prejudice，mistreated

B. hardest，least-paid，dirtiest，most overcrowded

D. rejected，old-fashioned，ashamed

overcome

【原文】

Thousands of people came to American cities before Blacks and Puerto Ricans did. Between

1815 and 1914, more than 35 million Europeans crossed the ocean to find new homes in the United States.

Most of these immigrants were ordinary people. Few were famous when they arrived. Few

became famous afterward. Most had lived in small villages. Few had ever been far outside them. Most of them faced the same kinds of problems getting to America: the hardship of going from their villages to a seaport, the unpleasantness—even danger—of the long ocean voyage, the strangeness of a new land, and of a new language, the problem of finding a place to live, of finding work in a new, strange country.

Every immigrant had his own reasons for coming to America. But nearly all shared one

reason: They hoped for a better life. They considered America a special place, a land of opportunity, a land of freedom.

Immigrants came from many different countries: England, Germany, Denmark, Finland[,

Russia, Italy, Hungary and many others.

They came with many different religions: Roman Catholic, Jewish, Quaker, Greek Orthodox.

They brought many different customs and many languages.

Some people have called the United States a "melting pot". After immigrants were here

awhile—in the melting pot—they became Americanized. Differences were "melted down". They

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gradually disappeared.

Some people say no. America isn't a melting pot. It's more like a salad bowl. Important

differences between groups of people haven't disappeared. Many groups have kept their own ways, their customs, their identities, and this has given America great strength.

Melting pot? Salad bowl? Perhaps there's some troth to both ideas.

In any case, life in America was hard for most immigrants—especially at first. Often they

were cheated. Often they met with prejudice. They were often laughed at, even mistreated, by people who themselves had been immigrants.

Most of them soon found that the streets of America weren't paved with gold. They usually

got the hardest jobs, and those that paid the least, the dirtiest places to live in, the most overcrowded tenements.

They came to be citizens of a new country; but often they felt like people without a country.

They had given up their own, but they didn't understand their new one. They didn't really feel a part of it. And the people of the new one didn't always welcome them.

They came for the sake of their children, but in America their children often rejected them.

To the children, their parents seemed old-fashioned. They didn't learn the new language quickly. Some didn't learn it at all. Their parents' customs made children ashamed.

Gradually, however, problems were overcome. For most immigrants, life in America was

better. It certainly was better for their children and for their grandchildren.

Task 6:

【答案】

A.

The Life Story of Thomas Edison

Ohio，1847，industrial development, 1931, a modern nation

I.

A. curiosity，desire

B. 1857，station master‘s son

C. 1863

II.

A. New York City，electricity，report the prices

B. New Jersey，invented，produced

C. organized industrial research

D. 1877

E. 1879

III.

A. B. motion-picture machine

C. photography

D. streetcars，electric trains

IV.

B. turn off all power

C. the progress of man

B.

很全的听力答案,还有听力原文

1) F

2) F

3) T

4) T

5) F

【原文】

When Thomas Edison was born in the small town of Milan, Ohio, in 1847, America was just

beginning its great industrial development. The time in which he lived was an age of invention, filled with human and scientific adventures, and Edison became the hero of that age.

As a boy, Edison was not a good student. His parents took him out of school and his mother

taught him at home, where his great curiosity and desire to experiment often got him into trouble. When he was ten, Edison built his own chemistry laboratory. He sold sandwiches and newspapers on the local trains in order to earn money to buy supplies for his laboratory. His parents became accustomed, more or less, to his experiments and the explosions which sometimes shook the

house.

Edison‘s work as a sales boy with the railroad introduced him to the telegraph and with a friend, he built his own telegraph set. He taught himself the Morse telegraphic code and hoped for the chance to become a professional telegraph operator. A stroke of luck and Edison's quick thinking soon provided the opportunity.

One day, as young Edison stood waiting for a train to arrive, he saw the station master's sot

wander into the track of an approaching train. Edison rushed out and carried the boy to safety. The thankful station master offered to teach Edison railway telegraphy. Afterwards, in 1863, he became tan expert telegraph operator and left home to work in various cities.

Six years later, in 1869, Edison arrived in New York City, poor and in debt. He went to work

with a telegraph company. It was there that he became interested in the uses of electricity. At that time electricity was still in the experimental stages, and Edison hoped to invent new ways to use it for the benefit of people. As he once said: "My philosophy of life is work. I want to bring out the secrets of, nature and apply them for the happiness of man. I know of no better service to render for the short time we are in this world."

The same year, when he was only 22 years old, Edison invented an improved ticker-tape

machine which could better report the prices on the New York Market. The ticker-tape machine was successful, and Edison decided to leave his job and concentrate wholly on inventing. When the president of the telegraph company asked how much they owed him for his invention, Edison was ready to accept only $3,000. Cautiously he said: "Suppose you make me an offer."

"How would $40,000 strike you?" the president inquired. Edison almost fainted, but he

finally replied that the price was fair.

With this money, and now calling himself an electrical engineer, Edison formed his own

"invention factory" in Newark, New Jersey. Over the next few years he invented and produced many new items, including the mimeograph machine, wax wrapping paper, and improvements of the telegraph.

In 1877 Edison decided he could no longer continue both manufacturing and inventing. He

sold his share in the factory and built a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was the first laboratory of its kind devoted to organized industrial research. One of the first inventions to come from his new laboratory was an improvement of Alexander Bell's telephone. Edison invented a

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more powerful mouthpiece which removed the need to shout into the telephone. But his great inventions were still to come.

On August 12, 1877, Edison began experimenting with an instrument which he had designed

and ordered to be built. It was a cylinder, wrapped in tinfoil and turned by a handle. As it revolved, a needle made a groove in the foil. Turning the handle, Edison began to shout.

"Mary had a little lamb

Whose fleece was white as snow!"

He stopped and moved the needle back in the starting position. Then, putting his ear close to

the needle, he turned the handle again. A voice came out of the machine:

"Mary had a little lamb,

Whose fleece was white as snow!"

Edison had just invented the phonograph, a completely new concept: a talking machine.

While he was perfecting his phonograph, Edison also worked on another invention. He called

it "an Electric Lamp for Giving Light by Incandescence". Today we call it the light bulb.

For years other inventors had experimented with electric lights, but none of the lights had

proven economical to produce. Edison, in studying the problem, spent over a year experimenting. He tested 1,600 materials (even hairs from a friend's beard) to see if they would carry electric current and glow. Finally, on October 21, 1879, he tried passing electricity through a carbonized cotton thread in a vacuum glass bulb. In his own words Edison described the experiment: "... before nightfall the carbon was completed and inserted in the lamp. The bulb was exhausted of air and sealed, the current turned on, and the sight we had so long desired to see met our eyes." The lamp gave off a feeble, reddish glow, and it continued to bum for 40 hours. Edison's incredible invention proved that electric lighting would be the future light of the world.

Edison was now so famous as an inventor that people thought there was nothing he could not

do. They began to call him "the wizard", as if he could produce an invention like magic. Few people realized how hard Edison worked, often 20 hours a day, and that most of his inventions were the results of hundreds of experiments.

For 60 years Edison was the world's leading inventor. He patented over 1,000 inventions

which changed our way of living. He was one of the earliest inventors of the motion-picture machine. His invention of the phonograph was joined with photography to produce talking pictures. He also perfected the electric motor which made streetcars and electric trains possible.

It is no wonder that Edison received many honors during his life for contributions to the

progress of mankind. The United States gave him its highest award, a special Congressional Medal of Honor. Yet, in spite of all his fame, Edison remained a modest man. He preferred to continue his work, rather than rest on his achievements. His motto was: "I find what the world needs; then I go ahead and try to invent it." He never considered himself a brilliant man and once remarked that genius was "2 percent inspiration and 98 percent perspiration".

When Edison died in 1931, it was proposed that the American people mm off all power in

their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man. Of course, it was quickly realized that such an honor would be impossible. Its impossibility was indeed the real tribute to Edison's achievements. Electric power had become so important and vital a part of America's life that a complete shut-down for even a few seconds would have created chaos. As "one of the great heroes of invention", Edison rightfully belongs among America's and the world's great contributors to the progress of man.

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Task 7:

【答案】

A.

1) c

2) a

3) d

4) c

5) c

6) a

B.

1) That‘s because the explosion robs the fire of oxygen.

2) Once the fire is out, the well still needs to be covered, or capped, to stop the flow of oil. This is the most dangerous part of the process. Any new heat or fire could cause the leaking well and the surrounding area to explode.

3) In March of 1991, Red Adair went to Kuwait. He and his crews were called in to help put out oil well fires.

4) He has spent his 76th birthday in Kuwait working side by side with his crew.

5) At his funeral, many family members and friends honored him by wearing red clothes.

【原文】

Paul Neal Adair was born in Houston, Texas in nineteen fifteen. He was one of five sons of a metal worker. He also had three sisters. While growing up, he became known as Red Adair

because his hair was bright red. The color became a trademark for Adair. He wore red clothes and red boots. He drove a red car, and his crew members used red trucks and red equipment.

During World War Two, Adair served on a trained army team that removed and destroyed

bombs. After the war, he returned to Houston and took a job with Myron Kinley. At the time, Kinley was the leader in putting out fires in oil wells. Red Adair worked with Myron Kinley for fourteen years. But in nineteen fifty-nine, Adair started his own company.

During his thirty-six years in business, Red Adair and his crews battled more than two

thousand fires all over the world. Some were on land. Others were on ocean oil-drilling structures. Some fires were in burning oil wells. Others were in natural gas wells.

Red Adair was a leader in a specialized and extremely dangerous profession. Putting out oil

well fires can be difficult. This is because oil well fires are extinguished, or put out, at the

wellhead just above ground. Normally, explosives are used to stop the fire from burning. The explosion robs the fire of oxygen. But, once the fire is out, the well still needs to be covered, or capped, to stop the flow of oil. This is the most dangerous part of the process. Any new heat or fire could cause the leaking well and the surrounding area to explode.

Red Adair developed modern methods to extinguish and cover burning oil wells.

They became known in the industry as Wild Well Control techniques. In addition to explosives, the techniques involved large amounts of water and dirt. Adair also developed special equipment made of bronze metal to help extinguish oil well fires. The modern tools and his Wild Well

Control techniques earned Red Adair and his crews the honor of being called the "best in the

business."

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Red Adair was known for not being afraid. He was also known for his sense of calm and

safety. None of his workers were ever killed while putting out oil well or gas fires. He described his work this way: ―It scares you—all the noise, the rattling, the shaking. But the look on

everyone's face, when you are finished and packing, it is the best smile in the world; and there is nobody hurt, and the well is under control.‖

One of Red Adair's most important projects was in nineteen sixty-two. He and his crew put

out a natural gas fire in the Sahara Desert in Algeria. The fire had been burning for six months. This famous fire was called the "Devil's Cigarette Lighter." Fire from the natural gas well shot

about one hundred forty meters into the air. The fire was so big that American astronaut John

Glenn could see it from space as he orbited Earth.The desert sand around the well had melted into glass from the extreme heat. News reports said Adair used about three hundred forty kilograms of nitroglycerine explosive material to pull the oxygen out of the fire.

Adair's success with the "Devil's Cigarette Lighter" and earlier well fires captured the

imagination of the American film industry. In nineteen sixty-eight, Hollywood made an action

film called Hellfighters. It was loosely based on events in Red Adair's life. Actor John Wayne

played an oil well firefighter from Houston, Texas whose life was similar to Adair's. Adair served as an advisor to Wayne while the film was being made. The two men became close friends. Adair said one of the best honors in the world was to have John Wayne play him in a movie.

In nineteen eighty-eight, Adair fought what was possibly the world's worst off-shore accident.

It was at the Piper Alpha drilling structure in the North Sea. Occidental Petroleum operated the structure off the coast of Scotland. The structure produced oil and gas from twenty-four wells.

One hundred sixty-seven men were killed when the structure exploded after a gas leak. Red

Adair had to stop the fires and cap the wells. He faced winds blowing more than one hundred

twenty kilometers an hour, and ocean waves at least twenty meters high.

In March of nineteen ninety-one, Red Adair went to Kuwait following the Persian Gulf War. He and his crews were called in to help put out fires set by the Iraqi army.

The Red Adair Company capped more than one hundred wells. His crews were among

twenty-seven teams from sixteen countries called in to fight the fires. The crews' efforts put out about seven hundred Kuwaiti fires. Their efforts saved millions of barrels of oil. Some experts say the operation also helped prevent an environmental tragedy. The job had been expected to take three to five years. However, it was completed in just eight months.

Red Adair had spent his seventy-sixth birthday in Kuwait working side by side with his crew.

When asked when he might retire, he told reporters: "Retire? I do not know what that word means. As long as a man is able to work, and he is productive out there and he feels good—keep at it."

Still, Red Adair finally did retire in nineteen ninety-four. At that time, he joked about where

he would end up when he died. He said he hoped to be in Heaven. But he said this about Hell: "I have made a deal with the devil. He said he is going to give me an air-conditioned place when I go down there—if I go there—so I won't put all the fires out."

Red Adair died in two thousand four. He was eighty-nine years old. At his funeral, many

family members and friends honored him by wearing red clothes. Many Americans remember Red Adair for his bravery. He lived his life on the edge of danger. He was known for his willingness to risk his own life to save others.

Task 8:

很全的听力答案,还有听力原文

【答案】

A.

1) She was born in New York City in 1884.

2) After she finished school, Eleanor began teaching children to read in one of the poorest areas of New York City. She investigated factories where workers were said to be badly treated. She became involved with other women who shared the same ideas about improving social conditions.

3) She decided she would no longer play the part of a politician's wife. Instead, she began to build a life with interests of her own.

4) Franklin Roosevelt was elected president in 1932. His new economic program was called the New Deal.

5) She was different from the wives of earlier presidents in that she was the first to become active in political and social issues.

6) She publicly resigned her membership to protest the action of the group.

7) She spent the last years of her life visiting foreign countries. She became America's unofficial ambassador. She called on Americans to help the people in developing countries.

B.

1) F

2) T

3) T

【原文】

Eleanor Roosevelt was the wife of America's thirty-second president, Franklin Delano

Roosevelt. She helped her husband in many ways during his long political life. She also became one of the most influential people in America. She fought for equal rights for all people -- workers, women, poor people, black people. And she sought peace among nations.

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City in eighteen eighty-four. Eleanor's

family had great wealth and influence. When she was eight years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father died. It was Eleanor's grandmother who raised the Roosevelt children.

After she finished school, Eleanor began teaching children to read in one of the poorest areas

of New York City, called "Hell's Kitchen." She investigated factories where workers were said to be badly treated. She saw little children of four and five years old working until they dropped to the floor. She became involved with other women who shared the same ideas about improving

social conditions.

Franklin Roosevelt began visiting Eleanor. Franklin belonged to another part of the

Roosevelt family. Franklin and Eleanor were married in nineteen-oh-five. In the next eleven years, they had six children.

Franklin Roosevelt began his life in politics in New York. He was elected to be a state

legislator. Later, President Woodrow Wilson appointed him to be assistant secretary of the Navy. The Roosevelts moved to Washington in nineteen thirteen. It was there, after thirteen years of

marriage, that Eleanor Roosevelt went through one of the hardest periods of her life. She

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discovered that her husband had fallen in love with another woman. She wanted to end the

marriage. But her husband urged her to remain his wife.

She did. Yet her relationship with her husband changed. She decided she would no longer

play the part of a politician's wife. Instead, she began to build a life with interests of her own.

Eleanor Roosevelt learned about politics and became involved in issues and groups that

interested her. In nineteen twenty-two, she became part of the Women's Trade Union League. She also joined the debate about ways to stop war. In those years after World War One, she argued that America must be involved in the world to prevent another war. "Peace is the question of the hour," she once told a group of women. "Women must work for peace to keep from losing their loved ones."

The question of war and peace was forgotten as the United States entered a severe economic

depression in nineteen twenty-nine. Prices suddenly dropped on the New York stock market.

Banks lost their money. People lost their jobs.

Franklin Roosevelt was elected president in nineteen thirty-two. He promised to end the

Depression and put Americans back to work. Mrs. Roosevelt helped her husband by spreading information about his new economic program. It was called the New Deal. She traveled around the country giving speeches and visiting areas that needed economic aid.

Eleanor Roosevelt was different from the wives of earlier presidents. She was the first to

become active in political and social issues. While her husband was president, Missus Roosevelt held more than three hundred news conferences for female reporters. She wrote a daily newspaper commentary. She wrote for many magazines. These activities helped spread her ideas to all

Americans and showed that women had important things to say.

One issue Eleanor Roosevelt became involved in was equal rights for black Americans. She

met publicly with black leaders to hear their problems. Few American politicians did this during the nineteen thirties and nineteen forties. One incident involving Eleanor Roosevelt became

international news.

In nineteen thirty-nine, an American singer, Marian Anderson, planned a performance at

Constitution Hall in Washington. But a conservative women's group refused to permit her to sing there because she was black.

Missus Roosevelt was a member of that organization, the Daughters of the American

Revolution. She publicly resigned her membership to protest the action of the group. An opinion study showed that most Americans thought she was right.

Eleanor Roosevelt helped the performance to be held outdoors, around the Lincoln Memorial.

More than seventy thousand people heard Marian Anderson sing. Eleanor Roosevelt was always considered one of its strongest supporters of the civil rights movement.

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The United States was forced to enter World War Two when Japanese forces attacked the

American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in nineteen forty-one.

Missus Roosevelt made many speeches over the radio praising the soldiers she saw on her

travels. She called on people to urge their government to work for peace after the war was over. Franklin Roosevelt died in nineteen forty-five, soon after he was elected to a fourth term as

president.

When his wife heard the news she said: "I am more sorry for the people of this country than I

am for myself."

Harry Truman became president after Franklin Roosevelt died. World War Two ended a few

months later. The leaders of the world recognized the need for peace. So they joined together to form the United Nations. President Truman appointed Missus Roosevelt as a delegate to the first meeting of the UN.

Eleanor Roosevelt spent the last years of her life visiting foreign countries. She became

America's unofficial ambassador. She returned home troubled by what she saw. She recognized that the needs of the developing world were great. She called on Americans to help the people in developing countries.

Eleanor Roosevelt gave the best she had all through her life. People

around the world recognized their loss when she died in nineteen

sixty-two.

Unit 2

Task 1:

【答案】

June 5th，the United Nations，1972，world leaders and citizens how to protect the environment， San Francisco, California，"Plan the Planet"，"Green Cities"，most people now live，more than 75 percent，the former vice president，music concerts，parades，tree plantings，representatives from many environmental organizations

【原文】 Every year on June fifth many countries celebrate World Environment Day. The United

Nations established this special day in nineteen seventy-two to get people to think about taking care of the planet. Faith Lapidus tells us more.

―Public events for World Environment Day are taking place from June first through June

fifth. The events and conferences help teach world leaders and citizens how to protect the

environment.

―Every year World Environment Day is celebrated in a different city. This year it is being

held in San Francisco, California. This is the first time since the beginning of World Environment Day that the conference is being held in the United States. The main message of World

Environment Day this year is Plan for the Planet‘. The events and conferences will show how to

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have Green Cities‘. This means that people will talk about ways that cities can have healthy

environments.

―Most people in the world live in cities. This makes them especially important areas of

environmental concern. Cities use more than seventy-five percent of the world's natural resources such as water and gasoline. World Environment Day will center on how people in cities can work together to help save the planet.

―San Francisco is holding public talks to discuss pollution reduction, clean energy sources

and the importance of healthy parks and gardens. Special experts are among the speakers. For

example, former vice-president Al Gore will talk about climate change. There also are fun events such as music concerts, movies, art shows, parades, bicycle rides and tree plantings. Local farmers and restaurant owners will serve food that has been naturally grown.

―The Mayor of San Francisco, Gavin Newsom, invited city leaders from all over the world

to attend this conference and share ideas. Representatives from many environmental organizations also are attending. The United Nations hopes to create an international agreement that countries and citizens will follow to help improve the Earth's environment.‖

Task 2:

【答案】

A.

1) d

2) a

3) b

4) c

B.

1) Occupational noise

2) Aircraft noise

3) Traffic noise

【原文】

The sense of sound is one of our most important means of knowing what is going on around

us. Sound has a wasted product, too, in the form of noise. Noise has been called unwanted sound. Noise is growing and it may get much worse before it gets and better.

Scientists, for several years, have been studying how noise affects people and animals. They

are surprised by what they have learned. Peace and quiet are becoming harder to find. Noise pollution—the crashing, squeaking, banging, hammering of people—is no joke. It is a threat that should be looked at carefully. Sound is measured in units called ―decibels‖. At a level of 140 decibels people feel pain in their ears.

Automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, airplanes, boats, factories, bands—all these things

make noise. They bother not only our ears, but our minds and bodies as well. There is a saying about it being so noisy that you can‘t hear yourself think. Doctors who study noise believe that we must sometimes hear ourselves think. If we don‘t we may have headaches, other aches and pains, or even worse mental problems. Noise adds more tension to society that already faces enough stress. But noise is not a new problem. In ancient Rome, people complained so much about noise

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that the government stopped chariots from moving through the streets at night!

Noise can be separated into a few general groups. The following examples are taken from

hearings before the US Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution in 1970.

Occupational noise—Factory workers who always hear noise have poorer hearing than other

groups.

Aircraft noise—Around airports or on air routes the noise of airplanes taking off and landing

causes the greatest complaints.

Traffic noise—Away from the noise of planes, traffic sounds break in on our peace and quiet.

Trucks and motorcycles cause the most problems.

Task 3:

【答案】

1) F

2) F

3) T

4) F

5) T

6) F

7) F

8) T

9) T

【原文】

We usually think of pollution as a harmful waste substance that threatens the air and water.

But some people have become concerned about another kind of pollution. It can be everywhere, depending on the time of day. And it was not thought of as a substance. It is light.

The idea of light pollution has developed with the increase of lights in cities. In many areas, this light makes it difficult or impossible to observe stars and in the night sky. In 1998, the International Dark-Sky Association formed. This organization wants to reduce light pollution in the night sky. It also urges the effective use of electric lighting.

There are a number of reasons why light pollution is important. One has become clear at the Mount Wilson near Los Angeles, California. Mount Wilson Observatory was home to the largest telescopes in the world during the first half of 1900.

During that period, Los Angeles grew to become one of America's biggest cities.

Today, light from Los Angeles makes the night sky above Mount Wilson very bright. It is no

longer an important research center because of light pollution.

Light pollution threatens to reduce the scientific value of research telescopes in other

important observatories. They include Lick Observatory near San Jose, California and Yerkes Observatory near Chicago, Illinois.

Light pollution is the result of wasted energy. Bright light shining into the sky is not being used to provide light where it is needed on Earth. Poorly designed lighting causes a great deal of light pollution. Lights that are brighter than necessary also cause light pollution.

Recently, two Italian astronomers and an American environmental scientist created a world map of the night sky. The map shows that North America, Western Europe and Japan have the greatest amount of light pollution.

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Most people in America are surprised to find out that they are able to see our own galaxy, the

Milky Way, with their own eyes. But about three fourths of Americans cannot see the Milky Way because of man-made light.

Objects in the night sky are resources that provide everyone with wonder. And light pollution threatens to prevent those wonderful sights from being seen.

Task 4:

【答案】

A.

Israel and Jordan，365，the lowest point，saltiest，are important to Jews, Christians and Muslims，Minerals，The strange beauty of the sea

B. Message sent by this project: C.

1) T

2) T

【原文】

Israel and Jordan recently announced that they would work together to help save the Dead

Sea from shrinking. Government officials said the joint project would help the sea, protect the area's unusual wildlife and increase the number of visitors to the area. The announcement was made during the United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development earlier this month in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Dead Sea is on the border between Israel and Jordan. It is 365 meters below sea level.

That is the lowest point on Earth. The Dead Sea is the saltiest large body of water in the world.

The area around the Dead Sea has ancient places that are important to Jews, Christians and

Muslims. Minerals in the Dead Sea are used for health treatments. The strange beauty of the sea brings many visitors to the area.

But the Dead Sea is shrinking by almost one meter each year. Most of the water that flows

into the Dead Sea comes from the Jordan River. However, water flowing from the Jordan River has been redirected for other uses in the area. Officials say within the next 50 years, the Dead Sea could shrink to less than half of its current size.

To prevent that, Israel and Jordan plan to build a pipeline more than 300 kilometers long. The

pipeline would pump water from the Red Sea through both countries into the Dead Sea. After the pipeline is built, the officials hope to build a canal and a salt removal System that will provide fresh water to Jordanians, Israelis and Palestinians.

The pipeline will take at least three years to build. The project will cost as much as 1,000

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million dollars. Israel and Jordan hope to pay for it with help from other countries. The project is expected to begin after a nine-month study is completed.

Israel and Jordan had hoped to cooperate closely on a number of issues after they signed a

peace agreement in 1994. However, tensions have increased between them since the current Palestinian uprising began two years ago.

Officials from Israel and Jordan described the water project as a major step forward. Experts

say the agreement sends a message that the environment, ecology and nature are more important than borders or political conflicts.

Task 5:

【答案】

A.

1) 27 percent, higher ocean temperatures，activities by people，60 percent

2) developing countries，off the coast of northeastern Australia，off the Philippines，the Caribbean islands，South America

B.

Coral reefs support many kinds of sea life.

Coral reefs also protect coastal communities in storms.

Coral reefs support fishing activities and protect inland waterways.

Coral reefs also have become popular stops for travelers.

Corals are even important for medical research.

C.

1) F

2) T

3) T

【原文】

Environmental experts are concerned about the world's coral reefs. A recent study found that

twenty-seven percent of all coral reef systems have been destroyed. Experts believe higher ocean temperatures and activities by people are to blame. The study warns that sixty percent of the reef systems could be permanently lost if nothing is done to stop the problem.

Corals are groups of small organisms called polyps. These polyps live within a skeleton made

of a substance called limestone.

Corals are found in warm waters. Millions of corals grow together to form coral reefs. Coral

reefs are some of the oldest natural systems in the world. The reefs support many kinds of sea life. They can be to important to local and national economies. The reefs also protect coastal

communities in storms.

The World Wildlife Fund paid for the independent report. The group warns that the

destruction of coral reefs will result in severe losses to the world economy. Peter Bryant works with the Endangered Seas Program of the World Wildlife Fund. Mister Bryant notes that most of the reef systems are in developing countries. He says the presence of coral reefs produces money for many economies.

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Coral reefs support fishing activities and protect inland waterways. They also have become

popular stops for travelers. Many people like to swim underwater to see coral reefs. Mister Bryant estimates that the world's coral reefs are worth thirty-thousand-million dollars a year.

The largest in the world is the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of northeastern Australia.

Coral reefs also are found in waters off the Philippines, Indonesia, the Caribbean islands, the

United States and South America.

Corals are even important for medical research. Mister Bryant says more than half of all new

cancer drug studies involve sea creatures. For example, he notes there is a reef in the Caribbean with organisms that form the basis of the AIDS drug A-Z-T.

The World Wildlife Fund say coral reefs should be declared protected areas. That way,

human activities could be more closely supervised. The group says governments must take

responsibility for the future of their coastal communities.

Task 6:

【答案】

A. with the destruction estimated at Since 1996, members of the group have claimed to have damaged or burned is to stop development and other activities they consider harmful to nature. They say their property attacks are aimed at its goals. But it says it is opposed to Traditional environmental B.

1) a 17-year-old student，the state of New York，cooperate with officials investigating the Earth Liberation Front

2) environmental extremists，the group usually leaves very little evidence behind

【原文】

For years, American law enforcement officials have been trying to solve a series of

environmental crimes. The crimes are linked to a group known as the Earth Liberation Front. The group claims responsibility for hundreds of acts of destruction in the United States during the past five years. The destruction has caused more than thirty million dollars worth of damage.

Federal investigators say they are finally closer to solving the crimes. Recently, a seventeen-year-old student reportedly admitted setting a series of fires in the state of New York. He was charged in connection with acts of damage believed to be carried out by the Earth Liberation Front. The student is the son of a New York City police officer. He reportedly made the admission during a secret court hearing. As part of a deal, the student agreed to cooperate with officials investigating the Earth Liberation Front. He could face up to twenty years in prison.

This is the first time that a member of the group has admitted being responsible for environmental crimes linked to the Earth Liberation Front. Three other suspects in the property

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attacks were negotiating with federal officials.

Since Nineteen-Ninety-Six, members of the group have claimed to have damaged or burned hundreds of new homes, tree-cutting companies, federal offices and animal and plant research laboratories. They say their goal is to stop development and other activities they consider harmful to nature. They say their property attacks are aimed at industry and rich people who profit from the destruction of the natural environment.

The Earth Liberation Front says it will use any direct action necessary to carry out its goals. But it says it is opposed to harming animals or humans. Traditional environmental groups in the United States reject the group's methods.

The Earth Liberation Front includes environmental extremists who operate independently of each other. Federal investigators say their lack of structure has made them difficult to stop. And they say the group usually leaves very little evidence behind.

A few weeks ago, the group claimed responsibility for burning several new homes in Mount Sinai, New York. It has also claimed responsibility for destructive acts in Colorado, Arizona, Oregon and Wisconsin.

Task 7:

【答案】

A.

renewable energy，the next ten years，1 percent，1,500 megawatts，past 20 years，38 cents，3 cents，a 90 percent drop，government support

B.

A number of people who live on or visit the Cape say Cape Cod is a national treasure should not be open to industry. They argue that building the windmills would hurt fish and birds in the area, and it would hurt tourism. They say the windmills will ruin the beauty of looking out to sea from the coast.

C.

1) T

2) F

【原文】

A study says wind power will lead the growth in the use of renewable energy in the United

States and Canada over the next ten years. Renewable energy also includes forms like power from the sun. Navigant Consulting in the United States carried out the study. Energy companies helped pay for much of the research.

The use of wind energy has grown in the United States, but remains less than one percent of

all the energy produced.

Lisa Frantzis led the study. She says the researchers expect additions of as much as

one-thousand-five-hundred megawatts from wind power projects each year. That is about equal to the energy production of one nuclear power station.

The study says there have been major improvements in the performance of all renewable

energy technologies in the past twenty years. For example, the study reports a ninety percent drop

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in the price of electricity produced from wind. In the nineteen-eighties a kilowatt hour of wind

power cost about thirty-eight cents. Now, a kilowatt hour is closer to three cents.

The study found that government support must continue and grow to permit renewable

energies to compete in the power industry.

However, some renewable energy companies face criticism. In fact, wind energy producers

usually have to deal with opposition from communities they try to enter.

Currently, a wind energy company is trying to set up business in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in

the northeastern United States. The Cape Wind company wants to place more than one-hundred windmills in nearby waters. The windmills are hundreds of meters tall. Cape Wind says the

project could provide Cape Cod with seventy-five percent of its electricity needs. And, it would not create pollution.

But, a number of people who live on or visit the Cape say they do not want the windmills.

They say Cape Cod is a national treasure that should not be open to industry. They argue that

building the windmills would hurt fish and birds in the area. And, they say it would hurt tourism. They say the windmills will ruin the beauty of looking out to sea from the coast.

Environmental groups, however, look at the situation differently. They ague that a source of

energy that does not cause pollution would protect natural environments like Cape Cod.

Task 8:

【答案】

A.

1) For him, pollution is the way environment is being misused, the actions which consume the environment, like the overuse of artificial fertilizers and over-cropping in developing agriculture. And the harmful substances like the waste from motor cars and factories are less important.

2) They see pollution as a social problem, and the root cause of pollution is the way we organize our society and the incredible waste of resources.

B.

1) Housewives can avoid buying things that they don't need.

2) They can also cut down on the amount of packaging and try not to buy dyed toilet paper to reduce water pollution.

3) People can avoid buying drinks in non-returnable bottles.

4) They can reduce consumption by making their own food instead of buying it.

【原文】

Matthew: Christopher, most countries now appear to become increasingly concerned with the

issue of pollution and its control. How do you see this problem?

Christopher: What I see as pollution is the way the environment is being mishandled. Um...

obviously there are certain waste products which are vomited out of motor cars or

out of factories, either into the sea or into the river ways and so on. But, you know,

they are what people say is pollution. More important things, I think, in terms of