压延，纤维拉伸，管材和型材挤出等等。） 要么是间歇式的，在挤出的情况下伴有间歇挤出吹膜。通常，模塑操作是间歇的，然而同时倾向于非固定条件。热成型，真空成型，和相似的加工可以认为是二次成型操作，因为它们通常包括已成型形状的再次成型。在某些情况下像吹模，加工包括首次成型（型胚成型）和二次成型（型胚膨胀）。

Shaping operations involve simultaneous or staggered fluid flow and heat transfer. In two-dimensional processes, solidification usually follows the shaping process, whereas solidification and shaping tend to take place simultaneously inside the mold in three dimensional processes. Flow regimes, depending on the nature of the material, the equipment, and the processing conditions, usually involve combinations of shear, extensional, and squeezing flows in conjunction with enclosed (contained) or free surface flows.

成型操作包括同时或交叉的液体流动和热传递。在二元加工中，固化（或冷却）伴随

着成型加工，反之在三元加工的模塑中固化 （或冷却）和成型倾向于同时发生。根据材料的性质、设备和加工条件，流动状态以及根据流动面的自由与否，通常包括剪切、延伸和挤压流动。

The thermo-mechanical history experienced by the polymer during flow and

solidification results in the development of microstructure (morphology, crystallinity, and orientation distributions) in the manufactured article. The ultimate properties of the article are closely related to the microstructure. Therefore, the control of the process and product quality must be based on an understanding of the interactions between resin properties, equipment design, operating conditions, thermo-mechanical history, microstructure, and ultimate product properties. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation have been employed to obtain an understanding of these interactions. Such an approach has gained more importance in view of the expanding utilization of computer aided design/computer assisted manufacturing/computer aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) systems in conjunction with plastics processing.

经历了流动和固化（或冷却）的聚合物热机械过程导致了制造业微结构的变革（形态

学、结晶学和取向分布）。最终产品的性能与微结构紧密相关。因此，加工和产品质量的控制必须基于树脂性能、设备设计、操作条件、热机械过程、微结构和最终产品性能之间相互作用的理解。数学模型和计算机被同时用于获得这些相互作用的理解。鉴于进一步利