1997-2012考研历年英语试题,部分答案有意删去,以便平时练习

1997-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案

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Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn‘t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. ―I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.‖ Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to ―translate‖ cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word ―friend,‖ the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor‘s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________. [A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

[B] small minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors [D] most Americans are ready to offer help

56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship [B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated [C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________. [A] to improve their hard life

[B] in view of their long distance travel

[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life [D] out of a charitable impulse

58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________. [A] tends to be superficial and artificial

[B] is generally well kept up in the United States Text 3

Technically, any falters fsome sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don‘t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase ―substance abuse‖ is often used instead of ―drug abuse‖ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning ―mind-manifesting‖) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.

59. ―Substance abuse‖ (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to ―drug abuse‖ in that ________.

[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] ―drug abuse‖ is only related to a limited number of drug takers [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 60. The word ―pervasive‖ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________. [A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________. [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________. [A] stimulants function positively on the mind

[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Text 4

No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. ―Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?‖ Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. ―You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?‖ At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It‘s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company‘s mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company‘s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T‘s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. ―The test of any democratic society,‖ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, ―lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won‘t retreat in the face of any threats.‖

Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month‘s stockholders‘ meeting, Levin asserted that ―music is not the cause of society‘s ills‖ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the ―balanced struggle‖ between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. ―Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,‖ says Luce. ―I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.‖

63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________. [A] its raising of the corporate stock price [B] its self-examination of soul

[C] its neglect of social responsibility reedom

f. ace of the debate. [D] Steve Ross is no longer alive

65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________. [A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression [B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy [C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection

[D] received more support from the 15-member board 66. The best title for this passage could be ________. [A] A Company under Fire [B] A Debate on Moral Decline

[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture [D] A Form of Creative Freedom Text 5

Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ―steering the economy to a soft landing‖ or ―a touch on the brakes,‖ makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America‘s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America‘s, have little productive slack. America‘s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

67. From the passage we learn that ________.