当句子主语与状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时,改状语可用分词或从句表示。

When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful →Seeing from the top of the floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看,花园要漂亮得多。

若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自己的逻辑主语时,该状语不能用分词结构,只能用独立主格结构或从句。

If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. →Time permitting, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.时间允许的话,这周末我们最好休息一下。

⑶分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,也可能是主句的其他成分。

Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找手表花了我很长时间。 ⑷有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语。

When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.

(我们)种花时必须小心不要把根弄坏了。

独立主格结构中,当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那里,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。

独立成分。

⑴有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用语。这些短语有： generally speaking一般来说,frankly speaking坦白说,strictly speaking严格来说，talking of谈到,speaking of说到,judging from由…判断,taking all things into consideration把一切考虑在内,considering that考虑到,allowing for考虑到, putting it mildly说的温和些

Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说,这个规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根据他所说的,她一定很诚实。

Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.考虑Danny小,他的作业也太多了. ⑵有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest老实说,to be sure确实,to tell you the truth说实话,to cut a long story short长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matter/things worse更糟糕的是

①To begin with, I'd like to introduce myself to you all.首先,我想给你们作一下自我介绍。 ②He has already, so to speak, been a living dead.他可以说已经是一具行尸走肉了。 ③To be frank with you, I don't love you any more.老实对你说吧,我已经不再爱你了。 ④To conclude, energy is exhaustible, so we have to preserve it for our future generations. 总而言之,能量并不是用之不竭的,因此我们必须为后代保留一些。

⑤To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.

说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。

⑥To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是,他把钥匙锁在车

⑦To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.

更糟的是,许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了,留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。 独立主格结构的时态问题

独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。 The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.

汤姆总是迟到,他的老板很失望。