英美概况 大题英英解释 打印版 2

What do you know about the Roman influence on Britain?

1. The Roman Occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization

was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant highland zone.

2. In the southeastern part, the Romans influenced life and culture rapidly.

3. The English upper classes were thoroughly romanized and transformed into Roman landlords

and officials.

4. The Romans were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people.

5. Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans, true slave society was introduced

into England.

What were the consequences of Norman Conquest?

1. It increased the process of feudalism which had begun during Anglo-Saxon timed. Feudalism

finally established in England.

2. William the Conqueror established a strong monarchy in England. He made some reforms in

Baron System and land policy. In 1806, William the Conqueror had his officials go through England and make a general survey of the land, known as the Domesday Book.

3. After the conquest William retained most of the old England customs of government. Yet the

introduced much that was new.

4. The Norman Conquest also brought about changes in the church. The upper ranks of the

clergy were Normanized and feudalized.

5. Along with the Normans came the French language.

In what ways did Henry 2 consolidate the monarchy?

1. Henry Plantagenet, in 1154, established the House of Plantagenet as Henry2. During the

reign of Henry2, he made a series of reforms.

2. The Royal powers of justices were greatly expanded. All land held in feudal tenure was

brought under royal jurisdiction.

3. For administration, the mayor reform was the Inquest of Sheriffs in 1170.

4. In 1181 he issued the “Assize of Arms”. This made it compulsory for every freeman in

England to be provided with arms.

5. Alongside the reforms, skilled trade, commerce, agriculture and the arts all made rapid

progress.

What do you know about Wet Tyler’s Rising?

1. Since the Hundred Year’s War, the conditions of the peasants were not improved.

2. The shortage of lab-our caused by the Black Death gave a chance for agricultural labourers in

villages and under-masters and journeymen in cities to strike for higher wages, while the villeins struggled foe full freedom.

3. The government of Rdward3 and the parliament issued orders and passed statures which

made the people who had no land or other means of living work for landlords and proprietors at the same rate before Black Death.

4. This aroused hatred against the ministers, lawyers and landlords.

5. John Wycliffe and his followers, known as Lollards, provided ideological preparation for the

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9. labour movement of the 14th century. All of these led to the rising led by Wat Tyler in 1381. It was precipitated by the collection of the Poll Tax. The third collection in the early part of 1381 became the fuse of the rising. The rising started in Essex and soon spread to the neighboring countries. Under the leadership of Wat Tyler, the peasants set out for London. For three days in June they held the capital. The simple-minded peasants believed the king, Richard’s promise, half of them went home, and the leaders remained. But in a conference with Richard, the mayor of London killed Wat Tyler, many peasants were killed and dispersed. Though it failed, the rising had far-reaching consequences. The serfs were not to remain serfs

for long. It was impossible to keep forced labour on the manor, and landlords had to give up useless old feudal rights. Serfs became either free peasants or wage labourers.

What do you know about the ‘Glorious Revolution’?

1. During the reign of Charles2, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become

England’s first political parties, the former the Tories and the latter the Whigs. Charles made friends with the Tory party.

2. The Whigs were still not satisfied and began to stir up popular feeling against the king’s

brother, James, who was a Catholic and was likely to be the next king.

3. Most people did not want a Catholic king, but the Whig’s violent behavior reminded England

too much of Cromwell.

4. In the interests of common justice, Parliament passed in 1679 the well-known Habeas Corpus

Act.

5. James2 ascended the throne in 1685. He openly ignored laws passed by Parliament and

intended to maintain a standing army commanded by Catholics. Roman Catholics filled offices in civil government, in universities, and even in the Anglican Church. The Court of High Commission was also revived. These measures alarmed all but the Catholics.

6. After three years of struggle the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James2, who

intended to establish absolutism in England with the aid of France and had restored Roman Catholics in civil government, etc. The leaders of the two parties planned a coup d’eat.

7. In June 1688 the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the

throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James2 ran away to France.

8. William and Mary2. This was known in history as “The Glorious Revolution”

How did the Chartist Movement take place in Britain? What was the reason for the failure of the movement?

——the Chartist Movement was rooted in many earlier working-class and radical movements for the improvement of social conditions. In 1836 the London Working Men’s Association was organized to seek by every legal means to possession of equal political and social rights. In 1837 a petition, known as the People’s Ch …… 此处隐藏：11385字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……