Quasar feedback has most likely a substantial but only partially understood impact on the formation of structure in the universe. A potential direct probe of this feedback mechanism is the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect: energy emitted from quasar heats the surr

Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.000,000–000(0000)Printed2August2008

A(MNLTEXstyle lev2.2)

SimulationsoftheSunyaev-ZeldovichE ectfromQuasars

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SuchetanaChatterjeeTizianaDiMatteo,ArthurKosowsky&IntiPelupessy1

DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15260USA

CenterforCosmology,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213USA

arXiv:0808.0268v1 [astro-ph] 2 Aug 2008

2McWilliam’s

2August2008

ABSTRACT

Quasarfeedbackhasmostlikelyasubstantialbutonlypartiallyunderstoodimpactontheformationofstructureintheuniverse.ApotentialdirectprobeofthisfeedbackmechanismistheSunyaev-Zeldoviche ect:energyemittedfromquasarheatsthesur-roundingintergalacticmediumandinduceadistortioninthemicrowavebackgroundradiationpassingthroughtheregion.Hereweexaminetheformationofsuchhotquasarbubblesusingacosmologicalhydrodynamicsimulationwhichincludesaself-consistenttreatmentofblackholegrowthandassociatedfeedback,alongwithradiativegascoolingandstarformation.Fromthissimulation,weconstructmicrowavemapsoftheresultingSunyaev-Zeldoviche ectaroundblackholeswitharangeofmassesandredshifts.Thesizeofthetemperaturedistortionscalesapproximatelywithblackholemassandaccretionrate,withatypicalamplitudeuptoafewmicro-Kelvinonangularscalesaround10arcseconds.Wediscussprospectsforthedirectdetectionofthissignalwithcurrentandfuturesingle-dishandinterferometricobservations,in-cludingALMAandCCAT.Thesemeasurementswillbechallenging,butwillallowustocharacterizetheevolutionandgrowthofsupermassiveblackholesandtheroleoftheirenergyfeedbackongalaxyformation.

Keywords:cosmicmicrowavebackground–intergalacticmedium–galaxies:active.

1INTRODUCTION

Thetemperature uctuationsinthecosmicmicrowavebackground,asmeasuredbytheWilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbe(WMAP)satellite(Bennettetal.2003)andnumerousothermicrowaveexperiments(e.g.,Dawsonetal.2002;Rajguruetal.2005;Reichardtetal.2008)haveproventobethesinglemostpowerfultoolinconstrainingcosmology(Spergeletal.2007).Thetemperatureanisotropyhasbeenmappedwithlargestatisticalsigni canceonangu-larscalesdowntoaroundaquarterdegree,wherethedom-inantphysicalmechanismscontributingtothe uctuationsarisefromdensityperturbationsattheepochofrecombina-tion.Attentionisnowturningtoarcminuteangularscales,wheretemperature uctuationsariseduetointeractionofthemicrowavephotonswithmatterinthelow-redshiftuni-verse(forabriefreview,seeKosowsky2003).Theselow-redshiftandsmall-angleanisotropiesarecollectivelyknownas“secondaryanisotropies”inthemicrowavebackground.ThemostprominentamongthemistheSunyaev-Zeldovich(SZ)e ect(Sunyaev&Zeldovich1972)fromtheinverseComptonscatteringofthemicrowavephotonsduetohotelectrons.TheSZe ectprovidesapowerfulmethodfordetectingaccumulationsofhotgasintheuniverse(Carl-stromHolder&Reese2002).Galaxyclusters,whichcon-tainthemajorityofthethermalenergyintheuniverse,

providethelargestSZsignal;clusterswere rstdetectedthiswaythroughpioneeringmeasurementsoverthepastdecade(e.g,Marshalletal.2001)andthousandsofthemwillbedetectedbytheupcomingSZsurveysliketheAta-camaCosmologyTelescope(ACT)(Kosowskyetal.2006)andtheSouthPoleTelescope(SPT)(Ruhletal.2004).However,anumberofotherastrophysicalprocesseswillalsocreateSZdistortions.ThisincludesSZdistortionfrompe-culiarvelocitiesduringreionization(McQuinnetal.2005,Illievetal.2006),supernova-drivengalacticwinds(Majum-dar,Nath,&Chiba2001),blackholeseededproto-galaxies(Aghanim,Ballad&Silk2000),kineticSZfromLymanBreakGalaxyout ow(Babich&Loeb2007),e ervescentheatingingroupsandclustersofgalaxies(Roychowdhury,Ruszkowski&Nath2005)andsupernovafrom rstgenera-tionofstars(Oh,Cooray,&Kamionkowski2003).TheSZdistortioningalacticscales(hotprotogalacticgas)havebeenstudiedbydi erentauthors(e.g,deZottietal.2004,Rosa-Gonz’alezetal.2004,Massardietal.2008).HereweinvestigateonegenericclassofSZsignals:thehotbubblesurroundingaquasarpoweredbyasupermassiveblackhole.ProbingblackholeenergyfeedbackviaSZdistortionsisonedirectobservationalroutetounderstandingthegrowthandevolutionofsupermassiveblackholesandtheirroleinstruc-tureformation.Analyticstudiesofthissignalhavebeendonebyseveralauthors(e.g.,Natarajan&Sigurdsson1999;

Quasar feedback has most likely a substantial but only partially understood impact on the formation of structure in the universe. A potential direct probe of this feedback mechanism is the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect: energy emitted from quasar heats the surr

2Chatterjeeetal.

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Quasar feedback has most likely a substantial but only partially understood impact on the formation of structure in the universe. A potential direct probe of this feedback mechanism is the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect: energy emitted from quasar heats the surr

QuasarSZSimulations

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Figure1.Simulatedy-distortionmapsaroundtwomassiveblackholes,atthreedi erentredshifts;left,middle,andrightcolumnsareforz=3,z=2,andz=1.Thetoptworowsareforthemostmassiveblackholeinthesimulation,withmass7.35×108M⊙,2.76×109M⊙and4.26×109M⊙atredshifts3,2,and1respectively.Thetoprowshowsyina5Mpcsquareregioncenteredontheblackhole;thesecondrowshowszoomsintoasmallerregion200kpcsquare.Notethetworowshavedi erentcolorscales.Thethirdandfourthrowsarethesameasthe rsttworows,foradi erentblackhole(thesecondmostmassiveblackholeatredshift3.0)withmass7.15×108M⊙,8.2×108M⊙and2.11×109M⊙atredshifts3,2,and1.Forbothblackholes,thepeakvalueofyisbetween10 7and10 6,correspondingtoane ectivemaximumtemperaturedistortionbetweenafewtenthsofaµKtoafewµK.