2011年通用考博英语听力讲义

第一章 对话题型制胜方略

一、 请求、提供、建议

考博英语听力与考博英语一样，由于是各高校自主出题，因此没有特定模式的规律。但是在听力方面的考核，由于题型的约束，相对规律化一些，这也为我们寻其方法规定了一个范畴。在这里主要给大家说一下各个院校出题的题型范围。很多院校是从国家四六级英语考试中的题目进行改编；有的是从考研题目中进行改编；极个别院校会从老托福中选出一些题进行改编。不管怎样，这些题型都是我们之前参加过的考试中常见的题型。

考博英语听力题型主要分为三大类：

（一）短对话：选项还是四选一

（二）段子题：即独白，有一个人说一篇文章

（三）复合式听写

个别院校还会出现长对话题型。

依据听力测试的内容和问题，我们大体上把听力题分为以下几种类型，这些都是听力理解测试中值得注意的几种类型。考生熟悉这些题型及其特点，对于提高应试能力，顺利通过考试，是非常有益的。

（一）“请求”与“提供”

表示“请求”的题不同于表示“提供”的题。“请求”题型的特点是：对话的一方向另一方提出请求，另一方表示同意或拒绝；“提供”题型的特点是：一方主动表示提供帮助，另一方表示接受或谢绝。

用来表示“请求”的句型有：

Will you...?

Would you...?

Do you mind...?

Can you...? Could you...?

How about...?

Would you mind...?

Why not...?

Would you tell me...?

听“请求”题的关键是要听清、听懂答案，因为通常都是就答话的内容提问的。

用来表示“提供”的句型有：

Shall I...?

Do you want me to...?

Can I...?

Would you like me to...?

Could I...?

Would you mind...?

How about...?

值得注意的是被提供者无论是否接受帮助，在许多情况下都要表示谢意，而这些谢意往往成为干扰项，对考题不起作用，应尽量排除。

You will hear：

W：What can I do for you, gentleman? Maybe you like this T-shirt, because the colour matches your skin and it is the latest fashion.

M：Yes，it's really a good T-shirt and it's of good colour. But I just walk around and watch. Thank you just the same.

You will read：

Q：What does the man accept?

[A] The color. [B] The suit. [C] The style. [D] Nothing.

（二）建议表达形式

建议包括建议对方做什么和建议自己要对方一起做什么。试题中有的建议是直截了当的，有的则是婉转暗示的。 常用来表示建议的句型有：

Let's

You'd better...

Why don't you...?

Why not...，

Maybe you...，

Perhaps we...，

How about ?

What about ，

Shall we...?

You will hear：

M：Where can we get the pencil-box?

W：I'm not sure. let's go to the shop to borrow the pencil—box.

You will read：

Q： What does the woman mean?

[A] She suggestes they go to the shop to borrow the pencil—box.

[B] She is not sure where the pencil-box is.

[C] She doesn't know if there is the pencil-box.

[D] She has found the pencil-box in the shop.

M：I think I'm coming down with something.

W：Maybe you'd better see a doctor.

You will read：

Q：What does the woman suggest that the man do?

[A] Calm down a little.

[B] Become a doctor.

[C] Find a better doctor.

[D] Get medical advice.

二、 语音、语调

（一）连续话语中的语音变化

连续话语中的语音变化是造成考生听力理解困难的主要原因之一，因此考生应对英语的这些语音变化有一个比较全面的了解，提高英语语音的听辨能力，在此我们将对英语连续话语中常见的语音变化分别介绍如下：

1. 连音（读）：前一个词与后一个词紧密连接而形成的读音叫做连音（读）

在英语里有两种连音：一种是前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头、辅音和元音连在一起发音而形成的连接。

例如： It is a pencil. （[t]与[i]，[z]与[ ]连音）

Good evening. （[d]与[i:]连音）

an old （[n]与[o]连音）

另一种是前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词又是以元音开头，两个元音连在一起读出而形成的连接。 例如：the end （[i]与[e]连音）

too easy （[u:]与[i:]连音）

2. 加音：在连贯语流中为了发音方便而在音节间或词与词之间添加的语音。英语中的加音通常为[r]音。 例如：drawing - pin→['dr :i ]

more and more→[,mu r n 'm :]

3. 失爆：在听力中有6个常见爆破音，例如：[b], [p], [t], [d], [k], [g] 当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，第一个爆破音不发生爆破，即只作发音姿势，稍做停顿随即发出后面的爆破音，前一个音即失去爆破。

例如：Jane had drawn a good picture on the blackboard.

4. 省音：在实际话语中，通常为了发音方便而省去音节之间或词与词之间的一些音，这种现象称之为“省音”。省音在现代英语中，尤其是在快速话语中相当普遍。

例如：kindness ['kaindnis]→['kainnis]

easily ['i:zili]→['i:zli]

do you [du: iu:]→[duju:]

5. 同化：在两个不相似的音连起来发的时候，由于互相影响，互相适应，变为相同或相似的音。

例如：good morning [gud m ni ]一[gub m :ni ]

main gate [mei geit]→[mei geit]

并不是说只有这样读是正确的，原来的慢读或清晰读是错误的，只是出现了在平时说话中自然不自然的感觉，或连读不连读的状态。这样讲的目的就是希望同学们能够掌握这种规律，以便在做听力理解和复合式听写时能够准确的写出答案。

6. 弱化：某些单词在语句里相对不很重要，往往在连续话语中就要读得相对地轻一些、快一些，由此产生语音上的变化，这种现象称之为“弱化”。单词读音弱化的程度不尽相同，这主要是取决于它所处的具体语音环境以及说话的速度。在实际话语中，单词的弱化形式比它的重读形式更为常见，也更为重要。了解这一点，对于我们提高英语语音的听辨能力大有裨益

例如：We can do it. [wikn'du:it]

What do you think of it? ['w dju'θi k vit]]

Good. [ g d]

（二）近音词、同音词的干扰

近音词、同音词辨别是考试中常见的一种考题形式。一般是出题者在考题中有意识地模拟说话人的话语读音，设计读音相似或相同但含义不同的选择项，以此干扰考生对所听到的话语中词语的理解，从而测试考生辨音、辨义的能力。对于这类考题，考生应注意比较、区别英语的单词发音，尤其应注意比较、区别在连贯语流中的单词读音，弄清话语的确切含义，然后做出判断，切记不可按照读音机械地选择答案。

You will hear：

W：It was really nice of Mary to help you figure out those results.

M：Yeah，Before she did，I had no idea which way to turn.

You will read：

Q：What does the man mean?

[A] He needed Mary's help.

[B] He got lost on the highway.

[C] Mary's figures were wrong.

[D] His ideas were helpful.

注：上例选择项中的high way形成对对话中的way的干扰。另外，选择项和对话中都有figure一词，但含义相差甚远，故构成干扰。本题的正确答案为“A”。

（三）语调

语调是人们表达思想感情的重要手段之一。它除了可以用来区分句子种类以外，还可以和句子重音一起用来表达各种态度和情绪。

常用的语调与相对应的内涵意义如下：

1 陈述句和特殊疑问句用升调，表示肯定的含义。

2 一般疑问句和反问疑问句用升调，表示对某种意思的含糊不清或不理解。

3 否定句或祈使句末尾用降调。

4 一方提出问题，另一方却用升调重复这句话中的关键词语，表示对该词语的否定意义。

5 通过转移句子重音表示反问或反驳，一般称拐调或变调。

W：Where have you been?

M：Where have I been? I was wondering the same thing about you.

You will read：

Q：What does the man want to know?

[A] What that thing is.

[B] How long he will have to wait.

[C] Where the woman has been.

[D] Where they were going.

我们也可以通过选项的关键词来判断答案。A选项问内容，第二个B选项问时间，只有C和D问地点，C当中选取一个，而D当中是强调他们两个人打算去哪，这是一个细节不吻合的选项。因此答案选择C。

三、 数字与计算

数字与计算是考博听力测试中经常出现的题型，几乎在每次听力测试中都有这方面的内容。

从测试题中出现的形式来看，它们大致可分为加减法计算型，乘除法计算型，混合运算法计算型，近音、近形数字的辨认等类型。下面将这几种类型题的规律简要地分析一下。

（一）加减法题型

在加减法计算题型中，常常有一些能够表示数字的存在或引起数字变化的形容词、副词、介词或短语及动词等，听清这些词义是确定数字之间关系的关键。表示数字关系的词如下：more（多）；less（少）；late（晚，迟）；early（早）；fast（快）；slow（慢）；before（前）；after（后）；off（离开，减去）；but（但是）；only（仅仅，但是）；have（具有）；start，begin（开始）；spend（花费）；miss（失去，没赶上）；leave, depart（离开）；postpone（延期的拖延的）；hold up（延期）；behind schedule（延期）； before schedule（提前）；put off（拖延）； arrive（到达）；prolong（延期结束）；increase（增加）；add（增加）；borrow（借用）；lend（把 信给）；load（借出）；delay（延期，迟到）；save（节约）等。

You will hear：

W：I’d like to have two of these pictures. Will I save any money if I buy a pair?

M：Yes. They are usually five dollars apiece，but you can have two of them for nine dollars. You will read：

Q：How much does one picture cost?

[A] $ 2. [B] $ 5. [C] $ 9. [D] $ 10.

（二）乘除法题型

乘除法计算题型解题的关键是抓住有关表达数字间关系的词，这些词通常是一些具有倍数意义的名词、形容词、副词或动词等。

常用的词如下：

times（乘）；twice（两倍，两次）；couple（双，三两个）；half（半）；half of（ 的一半）；half as much（many）as（加半倍，一倍半）；pair（一对）；a pair of（一对，一双）；double（两倍）；quarter（四分之一，十五分钟）；one-third／forth...（三／四分之一）；percentage（百分之 ）等。

（二）乘除法题型

You will hear：

W：I want a single room with a shower. What's the rate?

M：It's 9 dollars a day.

You will read：

Q：How much does the woman have to pay if she stays for 3 days?

[A] $24. [B] $29. [C] $ 27. [D] $ 31.

（三）混合运算法计算型

混合运算法计算题通常出现在有关价格的计算题中，解此类题的关键是抓住对话中已给的一些数字，弄清它和所求结果之间的关系，从而快速地推断答案。

W：Tickets are four dollars for adults. Children's tickets are half the price.

M：Okay，I'd like two adults' and two children's tickets, please.

You will read：

Q：How much did the man pay for the tickets?

[A] $16. [B] $ 12. [C] $ 4. [D] $ 6.

（四）近音、近形数字的辨认及其他

近音、近形数字考题是指试题的书面选择项中有与录音信息中近音、近形的干扰数字。要做好这类题，首先考生要熟悉并掌握各种形式数字的读法，在听音过程中边听边记，记下所听到的数字或有关的数据，采用排除法，排除近音、近结构以及词汇的干扰，最后根据问题选出正确答案。

考生需要掌握的数字：

1. 基数词和序数词。

常常混淆的数字有：7-11，55-65，1st-4th，4th-5th，5th-6th

在两位数字中，-teen（十几）和-ty（几十）是考生最容易搞混，也是考试常出的问题。区别这两种数字，除听清数字发音之外，还可以根据重音的变化做出判断。-teen一般有两个重音，例如：19-nineteen

['nain'ti:n]。 而-ty的重音则只有一个，并且都出现在第一个音节上，例如：90-ninety ['nainti]

对于三位数字和三位以上的数字，考生在考试中应注意听清各个位数上的数字，切记不要把位置搞混，比如651就很容易误听成561。

另外，三位数字的读法是：几百（hundred）+ and +末（两）位数。

例如：651一six hundred and fifty-one

709一seven hundred and nine

三位以上的数字读法是：从右向左数第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”读为thousand，第二个“，”读为million。

例如：1，901--one thousand nine hundred and one

4，080，001—four million eighty thousand and one

2. 时间

钟点的读法：12：45一a quarter to thirteen／twelve forty—five

4：30—half past four／four thirty

日期的读法：July 1st／July l（st）—the first of July／July（the）first

年份的读法：1066-ten sixty-six／ten hundred sixty-six

年代的读法：in the 90s一in the nineties

in the l930s—in the nineteen thirties

世纪的读法：the+序数词+century，例如：in the l6th century

You will hear：

W：I think there is a 20-cent air mail stamp in that box, isn't there?

M：No，but here's a 10-cent stamp, and here's another, and here are five ones. Those will be all right，won't they?

You will read：

Q：How many stamps will the man probably put on his letter?

[A] $1. [B] $10. [C] $ 20. [D] $ 7.

四、 否定

否定意义的题型在考试中十分常见。英语否定句除了使用not、no、none、nobody、no one、nothing、nowhere、neither、never、dislike等否定词表示否定意义外，还常用一些其他否定形式。为了使学生对试题中出现的各种否定形式有较全面的了解，下面将分别对各种否定形式加以论述。

You will hear：

M：Jane，I love to do shopping and cooking, What about you?

W：Well，I love to do cooking but dislike doing laundry.

You will read：

Q：What does Jane hate to do?

[A] Jane doesn't enjoy washing clothes.

[B] Jane doesn't like cooking.

[C] Jane loves to go shopping.

[D] Jane dislike cooking and doing laundry.

五、原因与结果

（一）以事实为基础的问题将要求你能回忆出对话中所出现的直接信息

为了答出直接信息，你应当能听出：

注意听对话的细节。

注意根据语境理解生词。

在听对话的同时注意看选择项，以便进行预测。

特别注意数字和专有名词。

提问直接信息，通常有下列形式：

“According to the conversation...”

“What...”

“Why...”

“Which ”

（二）推测类的问题要求你根据对话中的具体细节得出结论或对细节进行比较

为了答出推测类的问题，你应当：

注意听对话的细节。

注意根据语境理解生词。

在听对话的同时注意看选择项，以便进行预测。

运用你的语境知识，猜测一下可能会得出哪些符合逻辑的结论。

提问推测类问题，通常有下列形式：

“It can be inferred from the conversation that...”

“The man or woman most probably ...”

“What will the man or woman probably de next'“

对话双方第一个人以一个带有疑问代词what或疑问副词why的疑问句向对方提问，第二个人就第一个人提出的问题作出回答；而第三个人通常以一个带疑问代词what或疑问副词why的疑问句提出问题。

You will hear：

M：Why are you laughing at me?

W：Because you look so funny in your new shoes.

You will read：

Q：What is the man wearing?

[A] A new scarf. [B] A new pair of shoes.

[C] A new hat. [D] A new pair of short pants.

2. 比较含蓄的因果表达

含蓄的因果关系是考生难以掌握的一种，需要在理解对话的语义、语境的基础上找出其中的因果关系。 这种关系常用的句型有：

I'd like to...，but I...；

I wish I could...；

but I...；

but... not...

You will hear：

M：How about going to dinner and movie with me tonight，Sandy?

W：I'd like to，but I haven't packed yet and my flight leaves at five am..

You will read：

Q：Why didn't Sandy accept the invitation?

[A] She's afraid of going out at night.

[B] She had to do some baking.

[C] She wanted to get ready for a plane trip.

[D] She was moving to a new apartment.

3. 用一般疑问句，一问一答表示因果

在对话中，第一个人用一般疑问句提出问题，第二个人的回答不是否定的便是肯定的。但学生不应一听到答语中的yes或no，就急于选择，而是应注意yes与no之后的解释，因为第三者提出的问题是问yes或no的态度及原因，有时第二个人对第一个人提出的问题不直接回答，这就需要考生认真理解第二个人的话语含义，然后做出正确的选择。

You will hear：

W：Are you going fishing with us today?

M：I promised Tom I'd go boating with him—and I'm really looking forward to it.

You will read：

Q：What does the man mean?

[A] He won't go fishing with the woman.

[B] He prefers boating to fishing.

[C] He prefers fishing to boating.

[D] He will go fishing with Tom.

4. 连词because，as，for，since，so ... that ...，and now that，such ... that 引出因果

在这种类型的听力测试中，由于对话中使用连词，故使因果关系比较明显，考生较容易地选出正确答案。

You will hear：

W：John's not going to the movies because he has to work.

M：Mike had to study and Sue has a cold，so they aren't going either.

You will read：

Q：Why won't John go to the movie?

[A] He has to study. [B] He had a cold.

[C] He had to work. [D] He doesn't like.

六、 职业与身份

（一）职业

职业问题要求考生辨别出讲话人的职业或听众的身份。

为了回答好此类问题，你应当：

● 试着想像一下讲话发生的场景。

● 注意听能辨别出讲话者身份和讲话人与听众之间关系的关键词语。

● 注意听讲话人的语调，从而判断讲话是正式的或非正式的。

提问职业，通常有下列形式：

“Who is the speaker?”

“Who is the audience?”

“What is the speaker's job?”

“Whom does the speaker work for?”

You will hear：

W：Can you come to my birthday party tomorrow afternoon, Uncle Smith?

M：I'd like to, Mary, but I can't. I'II be in surgery at 3 o'clock.I'11 be operating on

a patient then.

You will read：

Q：What's the profession of man?

[A] Dentist. [B] Physicist. [C] Physician. [D] Surgeon.

（二）身份

为了答对此类问题，你应当：

● 试着想像一下对话所发生的场景。

● 仔细听能辨别说话人职业的关键词。

● 注意听说话人的语调，判断对话是正式的或非正式的。

提问职业，通常有下列形式：

“What is the person's probable vocation／job?”

“Who is the woman／man?”

You will hear.

W：You sound very annoyed about the baby. Try to be a little calmer，Bill.

M：Don't be silly，Sally. I-am-Calm!!

You will read.

Q：What the probable relation between the two speakers?

[A] Sister and brother. [B] Father and daughter.

[C] Mother and son. [D] Husband and wife.

七、比较与选择

做比较选择类型题的关键，是运用所掌握的语法知识，抓住听力材料的句型，从中选择正确答案。

（一）对等比较与选择

对等比较的句型有：as...as...（和 一样）；the same...as...（和 一样）；not so...as（不及，不如）；different form（和 不同）。

You will hear：

M：How do you think of Peter's radio?

W：At first，I thought Peter's radio is best，but it's not as good as Tom's.

Q：How does the woman think of Peter's radio?

[A] Peter's is better than Tom's.

[B] Peter's is worst than Tom's.

[C] Tom's not so good as Peter's.

[D] Peter's is as good as Tom's.

（二）不等比较与选择

此类题型在听力测试中出现率较高，其内容大都是人与人之间年龄大小，身材高矮，或成绩、能力的优劣方面的比较，物体大小、轻重、颜色、距离的长短以及商品价格高低的比较与选择。

在不等比较中，必须听清楚被比较事物之间的差异，这些差异一般均通过不等比较句型表现出来。

不等比较句型主要有：more／less than...（比 多少）； of the two...（两个中 ）；rather than...（宁愿 ，倒不如 ）；prefer to...（比起 更喜欢 ）

You will hear：

W：Who is the better teacher? I mean between Tom and John.

M：Tom is the better teacher. He teaches very carefully.

Q: Who is the better teacher?

[A] Tom does better than John.

[B] John teaches carefully than Tom.

[C] Tom is as good as John.

[D] John is the better teacher.

（三）用比较级句型表达最高级含义

最高级有两种表达形式，一是用形容词、副词的最高级形式，另一种是比较级+than + any + other + 被比较对象；nothing（nobody，no， none，etc）+谓语+比较级+than。前种形式考生比较熟悉，而后者对考生来说较生疏，遇到此种句型时要迅速做出正确判断，切勿与比较级表达形式相混。

You will hear：

M：Tom has many hobbies，doesn't he?

W：Actually，Tom likes nothing better than to talk on the telephone with his friends.

Q：What does Tom like to do most?

[A]Tom likes best to make phone calls.

[B]Tom likes to talk with his friend most.

[C] Tom likes to visit his friends most.

[D] Tom likes best to travel with his friends.

You will hear：

M：Tom has many hobbies，doesn't he?

W：Actually，Tom likes nothing better than to talk on the telephone with his friends.

Q：What does Tom like to do most?

[A]Tom likes best to make phone calls.

[B]Tom likes to talk with his friend most.

[C] Tom likes to visit his friends most.

[D] Tom likes best to travel with his friends.

八、地点场合的判断

在考博测试中，地点场合类的题出现的频率较高，几乎历次考试都有。因此，考生应予以足够的重视。 一般说来，人们谈话时往往因地点场合的不同而采用不同的词语，这样就形成了与某些地点场合相关联的特定用语。因此，考生在考试中一定要抓住这些表示地点场合的关键词语进行推理，从而判断出对话时所在的场所或对话中所提及的场所，就提问做出正确的选择。

特定地点场合用语：

1、School：teacher/professor，student；classmate；faculty；

alumnus；dean；tutor；supervisor； undergraduate；postgraduate；doctor student；freshman；sophomore；junior；senior； bachelor degree；master degree；doctor degree；postdoctor；credit；selective course；optional course；required course；compulsory course；basic course；introductive course；advanced course；assignment；book report；essay；paper；middle-term paper；final-term paper；proposal；thesis；dissertation；thesis debate；exam；quiz； lecture；speech；seminar；presentation；text book；blackboard；grades；mark；score；dom(domitory)；gym；campus；full marks；passing grade；failing grade；perfect grade； scholarship；fellowship；teacher assistant；research assistant

2、Library：librarian，reader； renew；borrow／return；reader's card；reading room；study lounge；catalogue；reference book；Index；stack；back issue；current issue；circulation desk ；reserved room； reserved book

3、Bookstore：hardcover；hardback；papercover；paperback；out-of-print；publishing house；out-of-stock；bookshelves

4、Post office：postal clerk；customer；parcel；ordinary letter；regular letter；surface letter； registered letter； registered mail；airmail；special delivery； package；postoffice box；insurance；postage；stamp； envelope；postcard；commemorative stamp；sticker；

insured package；express；overweight

5、Railway station：train；carriage；coach ；sleeping-car；ticket； waiting-room；timetable；depart；arrive；platform；porter

6、Bus：bus stop；ticket；fare；bus conductor； get on the bus；get off the bus

7、Hospital／clinic：headache；sore eyes；sore-throat；toothache； chest pain；stomachache；sore knee；cramp；stomachache cramp；twist ankle；high blood pressure；heart attack/disease；cancer； fill in prescription；pill；tablet；capsule；dosage；doctor's ordor；take medicine；injection；shot；operation；infusion；transfusion

8、Restaurant：waiter；customer；make a reservation；usher；a table for five people；menu；special dishes；recommended dishes；

May I take your order, sir? seafood；shrimp；prawn；lobster； steak；beef；fried rice；dessert；cookie；pudding；doughnut；taste；rare；well-done；bland；greasy；rich；delicious；yummy；yuck； beverage；soft drink；juice；wine；mineral water； pay bill；foot bill；go dutch；fifty to fifty；split bill；separate bill

9、Hotel：receptionist；customer；check in；check out；make a reservation；reserved； single room；double room；suit；spare room；vacancy；available； lounge；reception desk；front desk room service；room number；attendant

10、Bank：bank clerk；customer； account；open an account；withdraw；deposit；balance； savings account；interest rate；remittance；cash；check；travel check；credit card；teller；financial

11、Barber's／Hairdresser's：haircut；wave；curl；perm（permanent wave）；shave；hair-dyeing；hair-drying； trim one's hair；take off ；leave one's hair long； cut one's hair short

12、Garage：repair；fix；tire；nail

13、Shopping：salesperson/shop assistant；customer； dress；size；sweat；put on；try on；price tag； Can I help you? How much is it? fit；suit；color；extra large；waist

14、Court：jury；laywer；judge；my honor/ judge；prosecutor；defendant；witness；found of guilty；sentence；innocent； crime；theft；robbery

地点问题：

要求你判断出对话可能发生的地点。为了回答此类问题，你应当：

1、仔细听能表明说话人所在地的关键词。

2、想像一下讲话发生的场景。

3、注意听讲话人的语气，从而辨清讲话是亲密友好的还是官方正式的。

提问地点，通常有下列形式：

1、“Where is this talk most probably being given?”

2、“'Where is the speaker during this talk?”

3、“In what course would this lecture most likely be given?”

You will hear：

M：Hello，I'd like to reserve a single room with a bath.

W：Just go to the front desk and they'll help you.

You will read：

Q：Where does this conversation take place?

[A] It takes place in a classroom.

[B] It takes place in front of a desk.

[C] It takes place in a hotel.

[D] It is in a singer's room.

选项选择的技巧和原则：

1、首先不管正确答案是哪一项，先排除无厘头的选项，该选项与其它选项不相干，通过看选项可以看出这个选项偏离或不吻合，和问题也不相干。

2、剩下的两个干扰项一定会与正确答案很相似，所以在看选项之前可以提前进行筛选，降低我们选择的难度。

听力考核三项能力：

1、听取相关细节的能力；

2、选项审读能力；

3、判断选择能力。

可排除的选项：

1、偏离项；

2、同义项。

优选项：

1、相似项；

2、意义互反项。

第二章 短文及独白题型制胜方略

九、短文题型制胜方略

（一）社会问题

范围：文化教育、妇女解放、民族歧视、劳动就业、城市污染、能源、住房、交通、卫生等方面。

特点：

1、此类独白多为议论文、评论文，大多数的文章是先通过对某一社会问题的揭示、分析和研究，来阐明作者的观点和态度。

2、在结构上，逻辑严谨、条理清晰。

3、在语言结构表现上，语言规范，基本上使用书面语，语义清晰，不含蓄。

4、在信息传达上无冗余信息，作者所写的每一句话都用来说明或推出自己的观点和态度。

5、在问题形式上，主观性问题多于客观性问题。主观性问题与独自的主题、题目、是非判断或理由有关，需要经过归纳分析、综合后才能回答。

例子：

How to be a Good Driver?

Good driving can only be learned by constant practice and a strong desire to be a skillful driver. Many drivers do little more than look over the hood while driving. You must train yourself to fix your eyes so that they can see not only the road ahead of you，but objects on each side of you and behind you. Concentration is one of the most important elements in safe driving. The driver's seat is no place for day-dreaming or window shopping. Nor is it a place for a tired driver or a worried one. Driving all automobile is a full time job.

Main points:

① A skillful driver.

② The things that many drivers must do.

③ Driving is a full time job.

What Kinds of Food Do People Need?

Scientists have learned a great deal about the kinds of food people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day. What are these classes of food? They are

1) green vegetables of all kinds, such as string beans, peas, lettuces, and cabbages; 2) fruits, such as apples, peaches and bananas；3）other vegetables，examples of these are beets，onions，carrots，tomatoes and so on；4）meat of all kinds，fish and eggs；5）milk and food made from milk，such as butter，cheese and ice—cream；6）bread or cereal. Rice is also in this class of food.

People in different countries and different areas of the world eat different kinds of things. Scientists say that none of these differences are really important. It doesn't matter whether food is eaten raw or cooked，canned or frozen. It doesn't matter if a person eats dinner at four o'clock in the afternoon or at eleven o'clock at night. The important thing, they say, is that every day a person should

eat some-thing from each of these kinds of food.

There are two problems，then，in feeding the ever-increasing number of people on earth. The first is to find some way to feed the world population so that no one is hungry. The second is to make sure that people everywhere have the right kinds of food to make them grow to be strong and healthy.

Main points:

① Scientists have learned that there are 6 classes of food people need.

② Everyday a person should eat something from each of these kinds of food.

③ There are still two problems：

[A] ever-increasing number of people on earth.

[B] the right kinds of food people everywhere eat.

（二）一般知识

范围：教育文化、风土人情、地区特征、节假日的来历、历史事件、法律、宗教、文学艺术等。

特点：

1、多为说明文。此类文章富有知识趣味，短小精悍，清楚准确，题材丰富，通俗易懂。

2、在结构上与科普文章相似，主题句通常在段首，另外有明显的表示强调、比较、对比等的转承词语引出新内容。

3、在语言表现上，较多使用普通词汇，有时用一些形象化词汇来加以生动说明。

4、在信息传达上，冗余信息较少，许多关键词即是新信息的提供者。

5、这类独白的提问以客观为主，即以事实、理由、日期、地点、人物为内容，故听前预测很重要。

例子：

The banks in the U. S.

Most banks in the U.S. open at 9：00 or 10：00 and close between 3：00 and 5：00，but stay open later on Fridays. Some banks have longer hours in order to attract customers.

What's the best way to carry money safely while you are travelling?

There are three possibilities—personal checks from your country，travellers checks and credit cards. Some American banks accept foreign checks such as Eurocheques；the problem is that only those banks that are used to dealing with foreigners will know what Eurocheques are.

It may be more convenient to carry travellers checks，which are insured against loss. They should be in dollars，because only a few banks do much business in foreign currencies. If your checks aren't in dollars，it may take you a long time to find a bank that will exchange them. You can use travellers checks almost anywhere—in restaurants，stores or ticket offices—without having to go to a bank. If you run out of them，you can buy more at most banks.

Americans would say the best way to carry money is to have an major credit card like Visa，Master Card or American Express. Credit cards can be canceled if they are lost or stolen. And because they are widely accepted in the U.S.，it is easy to use them to pay for lodging，transportation，meals and things you want to buy from larger stores.

Main points:

① The time that most American banks open.

② The best way to carry money.

Territory

When we talk about a territory we mean a defended space. Animals have territories，which they mark out with their territorial signals. Human beings have other territorial signals. There are three kinds of human territory，marked by different territorial signals.

Firstly，there are the Tribal Territories，which in modern terms are known as countries. Countries have a number of territorial signals. The borders are often guarded by soldiers and they usually have customs，barriers，flags and signs. Other signals of the tribal territory are uniforms and national anthems. These signals are important because they warn the visitor that he is entering a foreign country and that，while he is there，he must behave like a visitor.

Secondly，there is the Family Territory，at the center of which is the bedroom. People behave differently when they are in someone else's house. As soon as they cross another's garden gate or walk through the front door，they are in an area which does not belong to them. They do not feel at home，because it is full of other people's belongings.

Finally，there is the Personal Territory. In public places people automatically mark out an area of personal spaces. If a man enters a waiting room and sits at one end of a row of chairs，it is possible to predict where the next man will sits. In a crowded space like a train，we can't have much personal territory，so we stand looking straight in front of us with blank faces. We don't look at，or talk to anyone around us.

Main points:

① The definition of territory.

② Three Kinds of human territories：

[A] The Tribal Territories.

[B] The Family Territory.

[C] The Personal Territory.

（三）科普文章

范围：农工林牧、医药体育、天文地理、计算机、航天等一切有关自然科学的方方面面。

特点：

1、多为说明文。这类文章的写作目的是把自然科学领域里的新观察、新发明、新技术等介绍给大众，所以在内容上，涉及科技的各个方面，要求听者有一定的知识面。

2、在结构上非常严谨，常使用被动语态。论点、论据准确、严密。

3、在语言形式上常常使用小词、短词（指单音节词）。语言通俗易懂，但也有一定量的科技词汇和术语。

4、在信息传达上，信息量大，有一定的冗余信息。

5、在提问形式上，有客观性的细节问题，也有主观性的逻辑推理、综合归纳问题。

例子：

How Does Acupuncture Work?

Acupuncture has been practiced in China for more than 2000 years，but its use in the Western world is still very new. Several hospitals in the United States are now experimenting with acupuncture as a way of treating pain.

An American journalist who stood beside a patient during an operation in Shanghai recently described the process and its effects. To keep the patients from feeling pain during the operation，four needles were used，each about an inch and a half long. Two needles were inserted under the skin on each side of the patient's neck. The top of the needles were attached to wires which led to a small electrical device.

Throughout the operation the patient talked calmly to those standing around him，insisting that he felt perfectly normal.

How does acupuncture work? How is it able to keep a patient from feeling pain? No very satisfactory answer has been given，but there are at least three theories.

Some doctors believe that acupuncture somehow produces an effect upon the central nervous system. Others believe that acupuncture produces a chemical change in the body's fluids. Still another theory

is that the needles make contact with an unknown system of energy in the body which travels along certain routes under the skin. The true explanation may be one of these or a combination of more than one. Or it may be something entirely different.

Main points:

① Acupuncture has been used in China for more than 2000 years，but it's still new in western world. ② An American journalist himself saw the process of acupuncture.

③Three theories of acupuncture are given.

Computers

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit on stores，restaurants，and hotels，at home，across the country，and even abroad，and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically，making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations，whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless'' society is not on the horizon—it's already here.

While computers offer these conveniences to consumers，they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wild range of records，including who sold what，when and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to record or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient，allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now，which to develop for the future，and which to drop.

Computers keep track of good in stock，of raw materials on hand，and even of the production process itself.

Main points:

① The birth of the computers.

② The advantage of computer for sellers.

（四）传记与故事

范围：人物的传记与故事或轶事。

特点：

1、多为叙述文。具有时间、地点、人物、情节四大要素，有鲜明的情节的发展与高潮或是主要经历和事迹。一般情节不太复杂。

2、在结构上，按时间、情节的顺序排列。

3、在语言表现上，词汇量大，复合句较多，有时语言含蓄。

4、在信息传达上，冗余信息较多，预测更为重要。

5、在提问的问题上，主要涉及三个方面：

（1）这个人物出生以及死去的时间，即年代及地点；

（2）这个人在社会或国家所作的贡献，事迹；

（3）他有什么特殊的结局以及经历的特别的事情。

例子：

Alexander Bell

The famous inventor Alexander Bell was born in l847 in Edinburgh，Scotland. He attended the Edinburgh

High School and went on to university：first in Edinburgh and then in London. In l870 he emigrated to Canada. Three years later，the moved to Boston，where he started a school of vocal physiology for teachers of the deaf. Teaching the deaf to communicate was a problem he had always been interested in. In the same year，he became professor of vocal physiology at Boston University.

From his early experience with the study of sound，he became interested in the telegraph，a device which sends sounds by an electric current. During one experiment with his assistant，Watson，he was adjusting the tone of the telegraph's steel spring when he heard other sounds coming through the spring. This discovery showed him that the current could transmit the vibration of a person's voice. In 1876 he invented the telephone.

On April 3，1877，he completed the first telephone conversation between Boston and New York, a distance of more than two hundred miles.

Now people almost everywhere in the world can speak to each other by telephone. A special telephone can also transmit a picture of the speaker as well as the voice. This device lets deaf persons use the telephone. By lip reading，or watching the movements of the speaker's lips，a deaf person can actually see what the person at the other end of the line is saying.

Main points:

① Alexander Bell was a famous inventor.

② His main experience before he invented the telephone.

③ His achievement：in l876，he invented the telephone.

The Barbed wire Fence

Gillinger had a lot of trouble with his garden. Cattle broke through his fences and trampled it；children climbed over the fences and stole fruit off his trees. So he set out to build a fence neither of them could ignore. He took two strands of smooth wire and twisted them together. Every few inches he inserted between them dangerous boards made out of sharp pieces of iron and small bits of broken glass. Gillinger’s barbed wire fence quickly earned a wide-spread reputation in Texas，and eventually all across the West. Before the turn of the century，over four hundred different designs for barbed wire were developed and marketed，But Gillinger's basic ideas have yet to be improved on.

Main points:

① Gillinger had a lot of trouble with his garden.

② So he built a barbed wire fence.

③ This kind of fence was developed and marketed.

十、如何听独白

1、听前：迅速浏览，科学预测。

在听之前，抓紧本应该听Directions的时间，迅速浏览书面选择项，预测独白内容，尽可能地想像出所要提出的问题形式，以便缩小记忆范围，有的放矢。还可以根据引导句，预测独白内容。

如：Questions ll-13 are based on the following lecture. 这种引导句可帮考生预测出以下是谈话、讲课、故事还是报道，从而推测出文章的体裁。最后一点是要迅速做好听音的一切准备。

2、听时：抓主题句，听记要点。

首先听时应该做到全神贯注，争取听到所问问题的答案。

其次要听清主题句，80％以上的主题句出现在句首，重点听清第一句尤为重要，第一句往往涉及文章的重要内容。听清了主题句，易于领会作者的观点和态度，诸如肯定、否定、怀疑、询问、幽默、讽刺等等。

然后，边听边做笔记，特别是要条理分明地记下关键词、数据、人名、地点等具体细节，以避免当时听明白，录音一停却回忆不出具体的内容，尤其是听那些无明显主题句的文章。记笔记时，可采用符号、字母、汉字等自已所熟悉的或自己能够认得的形式，除此之外，还应注意不要只记不听，考生应始终把注意力放在听录音上。

最后，听音过程中值得注意的两点是：一是要镇定，避免慌乱。二是由于独白的篇幅较大，非关键处听不出来不影响做题，不要因个别词、句没听懂而使注意力滞留。尤其是听录音我们要在某些小词听不出来的时候借助于语感和词的搭配关系猜出来。

3、听后：听懂问题，尽快选择。

听完独白后，还应注意听懂问题，听懂问题与听懂独白同样重要，故在问题播放之前先不要急于在答案上做出选择，只可以在试题之上先做一个记号。在回答主观性问题时，除了要听懂原文外，还要借助于知识而进行分析判断。随后在对答案进行选择时务必要迅速，要留出浏览一下题的书面选择项的时间，也就是说要平均分配在l5秒钟。

不管独白的内容如何多变，但其问及的问题是有规律的，基本上可以概括为以下几个方面：

第一，涉及文章的主题，提问形式有：

1. What is the main idea／topic of the passage?

2. What does the passage tell us essentially?

3. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

4. Which statement best expresses the main idea?

5. What topic does the passage mainly discuss?

6. What is the passage／the talk mainly about?

7. What is the subject they are talking about?

第二，涉及文章的主要事实和理由，提问形式有：

1. According to the passage，when（where，who，what，why，or how）did ?

2. What was the cause of the accident?

3. Which of the following is true／not true?

4. Which of the following is discussed／not discussed in the passage?

5. Which of the following adjectives best describes ?

6. According to the writer，what is the solution to the problem discussed in the passage?

7. Which of the following is／not mentioned as ?

第三，根据独白内容做出推论，提问题形式有：

1. What can be inferred from the passage?

2. What can we infer／learn from the passage?

3. What is the purpose of the passage?

4. What will probably happen next?

5. What can be said about the speaker's opinion of...?

6. What is implied ?

7. What does the speaker mean?

8. What is the probable source of the talk?

第三章 模拟试题

Test 1 Section A

1. A. The man wants to go to Los Angeles.

B. The man wants to go to San Francisco.

C. There are no flights to Los Angeles for the rest of the day.

D. There are two direct flights to Los Angeles within the next two hours.

对话：

M：Excuse me, would you please tell me when the next flight to Los Angeles is?

W：Sure, the next direct flight to Los Angeles is 2 hours from now, but if you do not mind transferring at San Francisco，you can board now.

Q： What do we learn from this conversation?

2. A. He enjoys writing home every week.