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Grammar and Usage

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Leading-in:‘What are you going to do this summer holiday,’ Tom asked Ann. ‘I am going to travel to Beijing with

my parents.’ said Ann.direct speech

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What did Tom ask Ann? Tom asked Ann what she was going to do that summer holiday. What did Ann say? Ann said that she was going to travel to Beijing with her parents.reported speech

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1 Which one is direct speech and which one is reported speech? (direct speech) He said, ‘I will go to school tomorrow.’ She told us something secret.(reported speech) 2 Change the direct speech into reported speech. She said, ‘This film is quite interesting.’ She said that that film was quite interesting. ‘Finish the project tomorrow.’ he said to me. He asked me to finish the project the next day. (Change what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrase.)

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What should we pay attention to?1 personal pronouns and tense e.g 1 Miss Yang said, ‘ I will buy a new dress.’ Miss Yang said that she would buy a new dress. Ex. Simon said, ‘ I wrote a letter.’ Simon said that he had written a letter.

How to change the tense? Have a look.

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Direct Speech Reported speech Simple present Present continuous Simple past Simple past

Direct Speech Reported speech Simple future Future in the past Past perfect Past perfect

Past continuous Past perfect

Present perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous

Present perfect

Past perfect

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Practice: Change the following sentences into reported speech. 1 ‘I haven’t brought my dictionary,’ the student said. The student said that he hadn’t brought his dictionary.2 Tom said to them, ‘ I will get excited.’ Tom told them that he would get excited. 3 My father said to me, ‘I am reading the book.’ My father told me that he was reading the book.

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Tips:‘Light travels at a great speed,’ said the teacher. The teacher said that light travels

at a great speed.

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What should we pay attention to?1 personal pronouns and tense learn more 2 adverbials of time and place about it e.g: He said, ‘I lost a key here yesterday.’ He said that he had lost a key there the day before/the previous day. Ex. ‘I read the book here a week ago.’Jane said to him. Jane told him that she had read the book there a week before.

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Direct speech today tomorrowyesterday next month last year

Reported speech that day/yesterday/on Monday, etc. the next day/the following day/on Tuesday, etc the day before/the previous day/on Sunday, etc the month after/the following month/in June, etc the year before/the previous year, etc. a week before/a week earlier, etc.

a week ago

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Practice: Change the following sentences into reported speech.1 ‘I will come and see you again this evening, Tom.’ he said. He told Tom that he would go and see him again that evening. 2 ‘I will come here again today,’ she said. She said that she’d go there again that day. 3 The doctor said to the patient, ‘You will have to wait till 3 pm tomorrow.’ The1 d

octor told the patient that he would have to wait till 3 pm the next day.

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What should we pay attention to?1 personal pronouns and tense 2 adverbials of time and place 3 other cases

Directed speech thisthese come

Reported speech thatthose go

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Ex: Page 9Possible answers: (1) was (2) wouldn’t (4)that (5)would (7) that (8) would (10) her (11) was (12) was going to read

(3) had read (6) had bought (9) those

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How to use reported speech to report:statements

questions imperative sentences

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Statements:*We use noun clauses introduced by that to report statements. She said, ‘Ads are an important part of our lives.’ She said that ads are an important part of our lives. ‘There are two main types of ads,’ the writer said to us. The writer told us that there are two main types of ads. *More reporting words: advise/agree/ explain /insist /promise/remind/suggest/warn ‘PSAs are often placed for free,’ the writer said. Can are often placed The writer explained that PSAsyou give more for free. examples?

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Practice: Change the following sentences into direct speech. 1 Tom suggested that we should translate the book into English.Tom said, ‘You’d better translate the book into English.’

2 The student explained that he really didn’t know he had to finish the work a week before. The student said, ‘ I really don’t know I must finish the work a week ago.’ 3 The teacher promised that he would give his students a few holidays at the end of that month. The teacher said, ‘I will give my students a few holidays at the end of this month.’