第二章

Lexicology

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary

魏冕 2013.9.17

第二章

Why do we learn this chapter? To answer the questions like: 1. Where does the English language come from? 2. In what way is English related to other languages? 3. Why the Germanic dialects known as English now? 4. What is the size of the vocabulary of the first settlers? 5. How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary? 6. What influence do other languages have on English?

第二章

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family Europe, the Near East, India Ten principal groups: the Eastern set: Balto –Slavic斯拉夫语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语 Armenian and Albanian亚美尼亚语 the Western set: Celtic凯尔特语 Italic意大利语 Hellenic希腊语 Germanic日耳曼语 Hittite赫梯语 Tocharian 吐火罗语

第二章

the East set Armenian and Albanian are the sole modern language in the two repective families. The Balto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. The Indo-Iranian: Perisan, Bengali, Hindi, Romany (derived from the dead language Sanskrit.

第二章

the Western set Hittite and Tocharian find no descendants of their own. Hellenic: Greek Celtic: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Pictish. Italic: Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Roumanian Germanic: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish,Swedish(Scandinavian),German, Dutch, Flemish and English.

第二章

2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development1) Old English (450-1150) totally 50,000-60,000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language, complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)

第二章

2) Middle English (1150-1500) English, Latin,French Until 1066, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. 特点： fewer inflections, leveled ending

第二章

3) Modern English (1500-up to now) early modern English (1500-1700) late modern English(1700-up to now) The Renaissance, Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization, Bri

tish tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II, many new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation.

第二章

2.3 General Characteristics 1. Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity 2. Simplicity of Inflection 3. Relatively Fixed Word-order It may fairly be said that English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most difficult to use well.

第二章

2.5 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary

There are three main sources of new words: The rapid development (growth) of modern science and technology; Social, economic and political changes; The influence of other cultures and languages.

第二章

Coin 创造 Source 来源 Changing 变化 Life-style 生活方式 Breed 繁殖 Astrobiology 太空生物学 Shuttle 穿梭机 Earthrise 地出 Orbit 轨道 Retrovirus 逆转录酶病毒 Surgery 外科手术 Fallout 放射尘 Irradiation 放射 Atomic 原子的 Megavitamin 大量维生素 Soy milk 豆奶 Granny glasses 金框眼镜

第二章

Pant suit 喘气装 Hip hugger 拥抱 Punk rock 朋克摇滚 Soul music 黑人乐 Talk shows 谈话节目 Boob tube 电视机 Petropolitics 石油政治 Watergate 水门 Stagflation 物价上涨 Demand-pull 通货膨胀 Open university 开放大学 Pass-failing grade 传递失败等级 Telequiz 电视问答 Chairperson 主席 Girlcott 妇女抵制 Mary Jane 大麻

第二章

Soft drug 软毒品 Head shop 店 A host of 一大群 Cuisine 菜肴 Stir frying 炒 Pita bread 疲沓面包 Tahini 芝麻酱 Felafel 沙拉三明治 Nationalist 民族主义者 Mao jacket 人民装 Nehru jacket 尼赫鲁装 Martial 军队的 Aikido 合气道 Kungfu 功夫 Dojo 柔道训练学校 Black belt 黑带 Suffice 满足

第二章

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development Creation Semantic change Borrowing

第二章

homework Question 11, 12,13 on text book Question 14,15 on notebook

第二章

Thank you !