职称英语考试《卫生类》历年真题精选及答

案0514-27

1、Cancer

Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body's basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order.

Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use,

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diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致癌物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited.

Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy （化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient's age and general health, and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects.

Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient's tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.

Paragraph 3____.

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【单选题】

A.Does cancer always cause pain

B.Can cancer be prevented

C.What is cancer

D.How common is cancer

E.What causes cancer

F.How is cancer treated

正确答案:F

答案解析:第三段没有主题句，但浏览该段会发现其中的高频词treatment，由此推断，该段讲述了癌症的治疗方法。段中

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详细介绍了癌症的治疗方法，如手术切除、放射治疗、化疗、生物学治疗等，但这些治疗方法会产生副作用。由此推断，该段回答了F选项“How is cancer treated?”所提出的问题，故F为正确答案。

2、Smallpox virus

It's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

____ reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials. And the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain. Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there's a good reason to keep the

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virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.

How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple. Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let's make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.

【单选题】

A.In

B.On

C.At

D.For

正确答案:A

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答案解析:此题考查固定搭配。in?reality:?实际上，事实上。故A为正确答案。

3、Smallpox virus

It's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

In reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials. And the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain. Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there's a good reason to ____ the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.

How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple.

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Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let's make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.

【单选题】

A.keep

B.put

C.destroy

D.eradicate

正确答案:A

答案解析:keep?the?virus:保存病毒。put?the?virus是不正确

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的表达，后面必须有地点状语。如：You?can?put?the?virus?in?a?bottle．??destroy?the?virus和eradicate?the?virus都是“消灭病毒”的意思，跟后半句话在意思上是矛盾的。故A为正确答案。

4、Nobody can put up with his bad temper. 【单选题】

A.stand

B.change

C.stop

D.criticize

正确答案:A

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答案解析:put up with和stand同义：忍受、忍耐；change：改变、转变；stop：停止；criticize：批评、责备。

5、Would you please help me fix their watch?【单选题】

A.prepare

B.mend

C.clean

D.arrange

正确答案:B

答案解析:fix和mend都表示“修理、修补”；prepare：准备、预备；clean:打扫、清洁；arrange:安排、排列。

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6、Early childhood education

In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find in most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents listed "to give children a good start academically" as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents. In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool

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education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.

Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children's chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.

Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university based kindergartens?【单选题】

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A.They can do better in their future studies.

B.They can accumulate more group experience there.

C.They can be individually oriented when they grow up.

D.They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.正确答案:D

答案解析:此题可以从全文的最后一段的第四句话得出答案。其中top-rated与first-rate意思相同。

7、Gun Rights in the US

Immediately after the shooting at Virginia Tech University, Americans gathered to mourn the dead. The president and the state governor both hurried there to share the grief. But the majority of Americans still cling to their right to own weapons.

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Strictly speaking, the US is not the only country where gun violence has destroyed lives, families and communities in everyday circumstance. But the US is one of the ____ countries that seems unwilling and politically incapable of doing anything serious to stop it.

In countries like Britain and Canada. The government adopted stricter gun control soon after serious gun violence incidents. US leaders, however, are held hostage by the gun lobby and the electoral system.

The powerful National Rifle Association, the major supporter of gun rights in the US, is too strong for any party to take on. Most Republicans oppose gun controls anyway. Over the years, the Democrats have found that they can either campaign for gun control or win power, not both; they prefer power.

According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, firearm incidents accounted for nine percent of the 4.7 million violent crimes in 2005. So, although opinion polls show most Americans want stricter gun laws, many don't want to give up their arms they keep to protect themselves.

Dave Hancock, a Virginia gun lover, is one example. In an interview he said. "If one professor in Virginia incident had been carrying a legal weapon they might have been able to stop all this. " In his opinion, the massacre is an argument for more

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people to carry, weapons, not fewer.

But at the root of Americans' clinging to the right to bear arms is not just a fear of crime, but a mistrust of government , commented UK's Guardian newspaper.

One Virginia resident, who had a permit to carry; a concealed firearm, told the Guardian thin itwas every American's responsibility to have a gun.

"Each person," he said, "should not rely solely on the government for protection. "

【单选题】

A.few

B.some

C.much

D.little

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正确答案:A

答案解析:首先，画线部分需要填一个可以修饰可数名词countries的词，所以可以排除C，D开头的but表示语义的转折，所以应该填few。

8、Gun Rights in the US

Immediately after the shooting at Virginia Tech University, Americans gathered to mourn the dead. The president and the state governor both hurried there to share the grief. But the majority of Americans still cling to their right to own weapons. Strictly speaking, the US is not the only country where gun violence has destroyed lives, families and communities in everyday circumstance. But the US is one of the few countries that seems unwilling and politically incapable of doing anything serious to stop it.

In countries like Britain and Canada. The government adopted stricter gun control soon after serious gun violence incidents. US leaders, however, are held hostage by the gun lobby and the electoral system.

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The powerful National Rifle Association, the major supporter of gun rights in the US, is too strong for any party to take on. Most Republicans oppose gun controls anyway. Over the years, the Democrats have found that they can either campaign for gun control or win power, not both; they prefer power.

According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, firearm incidents accounted for nine percent of the 4.7 million violent crimes in 2005. So, although opinion polls show most Americans want stricter gun laws, many don't want to give up their arms they keep to protect themselves.

Dave Hancock, a Virginia gun lover, is one example. In an interview he said. "If one professor in Virginia incident had been carrying a legal weapon they might have been able to stop all this. " In his opinion, the massacre is an argument for more people to carry, weapons, not fewer.

But at the root of Americans' clinging to the right to bear arms is not just a fear of crime, but a mistrust of government , commented UK's Guardian newspaper.

One Virginia resident, who had a permit to carry; a concealed firearm, told the Guardian thin itwas every American's responsibility to have a gun.

"Each person," he said, "should not rely solely ____ the

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