英汉翻译教程孙致礼

第一章 翻译概论一、翻译的定义： translate: to turn from one language into another. to turn into one’s own or another language 翻译：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber) (所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的 对等语再现源语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上) 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促进本语 言社会的政治、经济和(或)文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的 现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象，完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种 语言中去。(张今)

翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传 达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、 促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛 的目的。 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一 种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。 汉英翻译是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语 文本转换成功能相似、意义相符、供英文读者 阅读的英语文本的活动。

翻译的类型 就所涉及的语言而言，分为语内翻译(intralingual translation) 和语际翻译(interlingual translation)。 就工作方式而言，分为口译( interpretation)和笔译 (translation)。口译包括交替传译(简称“交传”,consecutive interpretation)和同 声传译(简称“同传”,simultaneous interpretation 或conference interpretation)两种。

就文本类型而言，分为文学文本翻译、科技文本翻译、 新闻文本翻译、应用文本翻译。 就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译等。

What is a text?(1) Look at the following example: Is it a text? Why or why not?– E.g. Tom’s wife is female.

Grammatically speaking, a text consists of sentences; a sentence consists of clauses; a clause, phrases; a phrase, words. But Halliday and Hasan thought “the word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole…. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion…. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit…. It is not defined by its size…. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization.” So we can say a text is a communicative unit. It does not only consist of sentences, it is also realized by sentences which must be meaningful. The example is grammatically correct, but it means n

othing. (The sentence is not informative, it is not a text.)

What is a text?(2) A text in linguisticsText Paragraph Sentence Clause Phrase Word realized in↓

↑

controlled by

Translation in a textual perspective(strategic decision-making ranks)

Text Paragraph Sentence Clause Phrase word

logic among clauses and sentence

(operational ranks)

decode and encode the information and reconstruct sentences collocation

Standards of translation(1) (What is a good translation?) a good translation to be, That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler) fidelity and fluency

Standards of translation(2) (How to realize a good translation?) Consider the style of the text Consider the purpose of writing and translation (writer and reader) Consider the relationship between meaning and structure Consider the background and culture Consider the skills used

二、翻译的标准 译者愈是研究怎样精确地模仿，他的临 摹本就愈不会反映原作的流畅性和精神。 那么，译者怎样实现这种流畅性的精神 的困难结合呢？用一个大胆的说法来说 吧，他必须取得作者的灵魂，让它通过 自己的器官说话。(Alexander F. Tytler )

翻译如以此种乐器演奏原为他种乐器所 谱之曲调。(叔本华) 翻也者，如翻锦绮，背面俱花，但其花 有左右不同耳。《高僧传》 翻译如以宽颈瓶中水灌注狭颈瓶中，旁 倾而流失者必多。(雨果)

翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神 似(spiritual conformity)。(傅雷) 文学翻译的最高标准是“化”,把作品从一国 文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的 差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原 有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”(sublimed adaptation)。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的 翻译，比为原作的“投胎转世”(the transmigration of souls),躯壳换了一个，而 精神姿致依然故我。(钱钟书)

对翻译者的要求 深厚的语言功底 —对英汉两种语言正确的理解和纯熟的运 用能力 —汉语及英语语感和表达能力(语法意识、 惯用法意识、连贯意识) 广博的文化知识及相关专业知识 高度的责任感

Process of translation Understanding, expression, checkingtext paragraph sentence clause phrase word understanding ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ←checking ↓ ↑ expression