温度反演经典文章(3)

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Z.-L.Lietal./RemoteSensingofEnvironment131(2013)14–37

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Futuredevelopmentandperspectives.................................................5.1.MethodologytosimultaneouslyderiveLST,LSE,andatmosphericpro les(atmosphericquantities)fromhyperspectralTIRdata...5.2.MethodologytosimultaneouslyderiveLSTandLSEfromthenewgenerationofgeostationarysatelliteswithmultispectraland

multi-temporaldata.......................................................5.3.Re nementofLSTretrievalalgorithmswiththeconsiderationofaerosolandcirruseffects.....................5.4.Retrievalofcomponenttemperaturesinheterogeneouspixels..................................5.5.MethodologyforretrievingLSTfrompassivemicrowavedataandforcombiningLSTsretrievedfromTIRandpassivemicrowavedata5.6.MethodologyforangularnormalizationofLST.........................................5.7.Methodologyfortemporal(time)normalizationofLST.....................................5.8.ConcernsonthenewlydevelopedHyperspectralInfraredImager................................5.9.Physicalmeaningofsatellite-derivedLSTanditsapplications..................................5.10.Validationofsatellite-derivedLST...............................................Acknowledgments............................................................References................................................................

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1.Introduction

Asthedirectdrivingforceintheexchangeoflong-waveradiationandturbulentheat uxesatthesurface–atmosphereinterface,landsur-facetemperature(LST)isoneofthemostimportantparametersinthephysicalprocessesofsurfaceenergyandwaterbalanceatlocalthroughglobalscales(Andersonetal.,2008;Brunsell&Gillies,2003;Karnielietal.,2010;Kustas&Anderson,2009;Zhangetal.,2008).KnowledgeoftheLSTprovidesinformationonthetemporalandspatialvariationsofthesurfaceequilibriumstateandisoffundamentalimportanceinmanyapplications(Kerretal.,2000).Assuch,theLSTiswidelyusedinavarietyof eldsincludingevapotranspiration,climatechange,hy-drologicalcycle,vegetationmonitoring,urbanclimateandenviron-mentalstudies,amongothers(Arn eld,2003;Bastiaanssenetal.,1998;Hansenetal.,2010;Kalmaetal.,2008;Kogan,2001;Su,2002;Voogt&Oke,2003;Weng,2009;Wengetal.,2004)andhasbeenrecog-nizedasoneofthehigh-priorityparametersoftheInternationalGeosphereandBiosphereProgram(IGBP)(Townshendetal.,1994).Duetothestrongheterogeneityoflandsurfacecharacteristicssuchasvegetation,topography,andsoil(Liuetal.,2006;Neteler,2010),LSTchangesrapidlyinspaceaswellasintime(Prataetal.,1995;Vauclinetal.,1982)andanadequatecharacterizationofLSTdistributionanditstemporalevolution,therefore,requiresmeasurementswithdetailedspatialandtemporalsampling.Giventhecomplexityofsurfacetemper-atureoverland,groundmeasurementscannotpracticallyprovidevaluesoverwideareas.Withthedevelopmentofremotesensingfromspace,satellitedataoffertheonlypossibilityformeasuringLSTovertheentireglobewithsuf cientlyhightemporalresolutionandwithcompletespatiallyaveragedratherthanpointvalues.

Satellite-basedthermalinfrared(TIR)dataisdirectlylinkedtotheLSTthroughtheradiativetransferequation.TheretrievaloftheLSTfromremotelysensedTIRdatahasattractedmuchattention,anditshis-torydatesbacktothe1970s(McMillin,1975).TobetterunderstandtheEarthsystemattheregionalscaleandtogettheevapotranspirationwithanaccuracybetterthan10%,LSTmustberetrievedatanaccuracyof1Korbetter(Kustas&Norman,1996;Moran&Jackson,1991;Wan&Dozier,1996).However,directestimationofLSTfromtheradiationemittedintheTIRspectralregionisdif culttoperformwiththataccuracy,sincetheradiancesmeasuredbytheradiometersonboardsat-ellitesdependnotonlyonsurfaceparameters(temperatureandemis-sivity)butalsoonatmosphericeffects(Li&Becker,1993;Ottlé&Stoll,1993;Prataetal.,1995).Therefore,besidesradiometriccalibrationandcloudscreening,thedeterminationofLSTsfromspace-basedTIRmeasurementsrequiresbothemissivityandatmosphericcorrections(Li&Becker,1993;Vidal,1991).Manystudieshavebeencarriedout,anddifferentapproacheshavebeenproposedtoderiveLSTsfromsatel-liteTIRdata,usingavarietyofmethodstodealwiththeemissivityandatmosphericeffects(Becker&Li,1990b;Gillespieetal.,1998;Hooketal.,1992;Jiménez-Muñoz&Sobrino,2003;Kealy&Hook,

1993;Kerretal.,1992;PozoVazquezetal.,1997;Price,1983,1984;Qinetal.,2001;Susskindetal.,1984;Tonooka,2001;Wan&Dozier,1996;Wan&Li,1997).Consequently,therehavebeenquitealargenumberofpublicationsonLSTretrievalalgorithmsandmethods.ItisimportanttopresentanoverviewofthestateoftheartinLSTretrievalalgorithmsandtodirectfutureresearchintoimprovingtheaccuracyofsatellite-derivedLST.AlthoughtherehavebeenearlierreviewsonLSTretrievalfromspace,presentedbyPrataetal.(1995)andDashetal.(2002),sincethentherehavebeenseveralnewdevelopmentsinLSTre-trievalalgorithmsandthisreviewisintendedtosupplementthosere-viewswithlatestapproaches.TheobjectiveofthispaperistoreviewtheprogressinestimationofLSTfromTIRdataprimarilytakenusingsensorsonboardpolar-orbitsatelliteswhichhavebeenacquiringdatasincethemid-eightiesandtosuggestdirectionsforfutureresearchonthesubject.Section2providesthetheoreticalbasisforretrievingtheLSTfromsatelliteTIRdataandbrie ydiscussessomemajordif cultiesinLSTretrievalfromspacemeasurements,including:(i)thecouplingoftheLST,thelandsurfaceemissivity(LSE)andtheatmosphere;(ii)thephysicalmeaningofsatellite-derivedLST;and(iii)validationproblemsrelatedtosatellite-derivedLST.Section3presentsanoverviewofavarietyofmethodsandalgorithmsforestimatingtheLST.Foreachmethodoralgorithm,themaintheoreticalbasisandassumptionsin-volvedinthedevelopmentofthemodelwillbeoutlined,andthemethod'sadvantages,drawbacksandpotentialwillbehighlighted.Section4reviewsmethodsofvalidatingsatellite-derivedLST.Finally,Section5suggestsfuturedevelopmentsandprovidesperspectivesonretrievingLSTfromremotelysenseddata.2.Basictheoreticalbackground

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