《跨文化交际》教学大纲

一、课程基本信息

1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Intercultural Communication

2、课程类别：专业专选课程

3、课程学时：30学时

4、学 分：2

二、课程的目的与任务：

跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；通过学习跨文化交际原理，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。

三、课程的重点和基本要求：

（一）课程的重点

本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。

（二）．基本要求：

1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。

2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。

3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。

四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：

1. 总论：什么叫跨文化交际 (4学时)：跨文化交际的定义；跨文化交际的研究范围和基本方法及手段。

2. 交际和文化的定义(6学时)：交际的构成要素分析；文化的定义：高层文化，民间文化和深层文化；交际与文化的切合点。

3. 文化差异 (6学时)：文化差异的界定；东西方文化差异，包括东西方人际关系对比。

4. 语言与文化 (6学时)：语言与文化的关系；词汇的文化内涵；语言学习与文化知识的吸收。

5. 中国学生典型文化错误分析 (6学时)：不熟悉对方文化引起的错误；忽略对方文化差异引起的错误；母语文化负迁移引起的错误。

6. 跨文化交际与语言教学 (4学时)：增强文化敏感性在语言教学中的必要性和重要性；怎样在语言教学中提高文化敏感性。

在学习方式上，利用网络为本课程学生提供了大量的网上资料，包括本课程的教案、大纲、习题，以及展现中英文化特色的文化图片、文化视听材料等。本课程的教学特点是寓教于乐，通过精心设计的课堂活动使学生仿佛身临其境般地感受他国文化，体验真实的跨文化交际感受。通过案例分析和课堂讨论等方法使学生在轻松愉快的氛围中了解中英文化差异，学习跨文化交际的技巧，最终达到教学的目的。

五、考试考核办法：笔试

六、教材及参考书：

(一)教材：Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Lisa A. Stefani

Communication Between Cultures

Larry Brooks/ Thomson Learning Asia

外语教学与研究出版社

(二)参考书：

《跨文化交际学》贾玉新著，上海外语教育出版社。1997 Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1994

教案正文：

Part One Communication and Culture

Preface: Rational,

Approach,

Philosophy,

Organization,

New features

Acknowledgments Preface: Rational,

Approach,

Philosophy,

Organization,

New features

Chapter One Intercultural Communication: Interaction in a changing world

教学要点:

Importance of Intercultural communication

Today intercultural communication encounters are different from encounters from the past.

International contacts

New technology, growth of the world’s population, and the shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.

Domestic Contacts

1. Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbers.

2. Settings that are most affected by these cultural changes are the educational system, the workplace,

and interpersonal relationships.

Studying International Communication

The hazards of studying intercultural communication are overgeneralizing and forgetting how complex the nature of human behaviour is.

We are more than our culture. We need to understand the dynamics of images of one's own culture and the foreign one. We need to face possible problems of acculturation and culture clash

Activities:

In small groups, identify the various ways in which members of the dominant culture, other ethnic cultures, and co-cultures treat members of other groups. How does each culture or group behave and communicate ethnocentrically?

Discuss typical communication behavior and systems in our country

What are our feelings when we interact with people who have a completely different behavior to ours?

Why do we need to learn this subject?

Answer:

The world today is characterized by an ever growing number of contacts resulting in communication between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This communication takes place because of contacts within the areas of business, military cooperation, science, education, mass media, entertainment, tourism but also because of immigration brought about by labor shortage or political conflicts. In all these contacts, there is communication which needs to be as constructive as possible, without misunderstandings and breakdowns. It is our belief that research on the nature of linguistic and cultural similarities and differences here can play a positive and constructive role. We are in living in the world where

Technicians and executives cooperating in

international teams

People frequently contacting representatives from other cultures

People participating in international projects

We need:

To identify the characteristics of the other culture: values, norms, styles of communication

To overcome the sensation of insecurity when relating with people from other cultures

To aid (re)orientation in unknown environments

To develop the capacity to understand radically different behavior

Linguistic and cultural similarities and differences can play a positive and constructive role.

The goal of the intercultural communication is to promote research but also education and training in the area of intercultural communication. The great interest shown in the activities within the area of intercultural communication.

教学时数：2学时

Chapter Two: Communication and Culture: Voice and the Echo 教学要点：

Human communication

Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. Put more simply, setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate and the meanings we give the symbols produced by other people. Other elements associated with the systemic(交通) nature of communication are place ,occasion ,time and number of participants.

The largest system affecting communication is our culture, which is the context within which all our interactions take place .The rules ,values ,norms, traditions, taboos, and customs of a culture all affect the other areas of the communication system.

The act of communication produces change in people.

A common beginning , anatomy ,gender ,age ,culture ,and the like may bind us ,but our isolated minds and unique experiences keep us apart. Cultural, as well as individual differences keep us apart. Our resolutions for each issue have their roots deep in culture. A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.

Communication is contextual: message change always takes place in a specific location, not a vacuum.

Understanding characteristics of communication with another human being. We can only infer what another is experiencing, and we do this by using the symbols that we and other people have produced.

Communication is also a way we define our world. We give meaning to events and people, for example, so that we can function in various groups and be members of our society. Communication is reflective: we can watch ourselves and evaluate how we are communicating while we are doing it. The brain is an open system: we can learn from each encounter

in which we find ourselves.

Our communicative behavior has consequences.

People are alike and different. We all face many of the same frustration resulting from our physical isolation from each other.

Culture

We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies(等级), religion, notions of time ,roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

Culture is learned ,acted out ,transmitted , and preserved through communication. The issue of intentionality and unintentionality (one of the reason difficult to locate a single definition of communication).

Culture is everything and everywhere. Culture governs and defines the conditions and circumstances under which various messages may or may not be sent ,noticed or interpreted. All those who share a common culture can be expected to behave correctly, automatically, and predictably. Hence, culture shields people from the unknown by offering them a blueprint for all of life’s activities.

The world is a confusing place until we can make some sense of it, so the basic function of culture is to explain the world to each new member of the culture. By telling us what to expect, culture reduces confusion and helps us predict the future. Seven characteristics of culture that most directly affect communication are that it is (1) learned, (2) transmitted from generation to generation, (3) based on symbols, (4) dynamic,

(5) integrated, (6) ethnocentric, and (7)

adaptive.

Intercultural communication

Intercultural communication is a communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

Interracial communication occurs when source and receiver are from different races.

Interethnic communication refers situations in the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.

Intracultural communication is a communication between members of the same culture, including racial, ethnic, and other co-cultures.

Elements of Intercultural communication

One element of Intercultural communication is perception, “the process by which an individual selects, evaluates, and organizes stimuli from the external world.”Cultural perceptions are based on beliefs, values, and attitude systems.

Another intercultural element is verbal processes: how we talk to each other and think.

Nonverbal verbal processes, the third element, involve the use of actions to communicate. The meanings of these actions shift from culture to culture.

The context of the communication events is influenced by culture.

Activities

In small groups, find out as much as you can about the history of Chinese culture. Try to isolate examples of how our cultural values have been determined by historical events.

Discussion

Give additional examples, from recent history, of cultures that have changed as a result of invention, diffusion, and calamity.

教学时数：

2学时

Part Two The Influence of Culture

Chapter Three: Cultural Diversity in Perception: Alternative Views of Reality

教学要点：

Understanding perception

Although the physical process of perception is almost the same in everyone, culture influences the final step of interpretation and evaluation.

Culture and perception

Culturally determined beliefs are the main influence on how we behave and relate to our environment.

Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something—with or without proof.

Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.

Dominant American cultural patterns include individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology, progress and change, work and leisure, and competition.

Cultures difer in their attitudes towards (1) individualism and collectivism, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) power

distance, (4) masculinity and femininity, (5) human nature, (6) the perception of nature, (7) time, (8) activity, (9) relationships, (10) context, (11) formality and informality, and (12) assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.

Activities

Ask your foreign teachers or foreign friends for English translations of sayings and proverbs from his or her culture that reflect important values in that culture. Alternative, you show the sayings and proverbs in this chapter to them and see if he or she has corresponding sayings.

Discusion ideas

Does cultural perceptions of color have particular associations in American culture?

教学时数：

2学时

Chapter Four The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of reality 教学要点：

World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity,

nature, the universe, life, death, sickness, and other philosophical issues concerning existence. Although world view is communicated in a variety of ways, religion is the predominant element of culture that gives us our world view. The family, because it is the child’s first introduction to culture, influences both perception and communication.

History, by passing on stories of the past, influences perception and teaches group identity, loyalty, and what to strive for.

Activities:

Find out as much as you can about the history of your informant’s culture. Try to isolate examples of how your informant's cultural values have been determined by historical events.

教学时数：

2学时

Part Three From Theory to Practice

Chapter Five The Importance of Language

Language and Culture

Language is the achieves of history .

Not only the symbols (words) and sounds for those symbols different, but so are rules (phonology, syntax, and innotation ) for using those symbols and sounds.

Language is a reflection of the culture and culture is a reflection of language.

We simply have many more ideas, feeling and things to represent than we have words to represent them. But when communication is between people from distinct cultures, different experiences are involved and the process is more troublesome. Cultures with this orientation tend to be concerned more with the overall emotional quality of the interaction than with the meaning of particular words and sentences.

Language is inseparable from culture. Culture influences language symbols and rules for using those symbols. As we have also seen, meaning is culturally determined.

Culture and Meaning

The meanings we have for words is determined by the culture in which we have been raised.

Word usage and meaning are learned, and all cultures and co-cultures have special experiences that frame usage and meaning.

Culture and the Use of Language

Each of us learns and uses language as we do because of our cultural background.

Foreign Languages and Translation

Translators build bridges not only between languages but also between the differences of two cultures. Languages are not this simple, and direct translations in many cases are difficult if not impossible because (1)words have more than one meaning

(2)many words are culture-bound and have no direct

equivalents(3)cultural orientations can render a direct translation nonsensical ,and (4)a culture may not have the background and understanding to translate experience specific to other cultures. A translator must be able to translate a message so that others hear it as though it were the original message .This means that the interpreter must be skilled in more than vocabulary. He or she must also know the word’s emotive aspects, as well as the culture’s thought processes and communication techniques.

If you are selecting an interpreter, you should look for the following qualities or qualifications. The first is compatibility, second is ethnic compatibility ,third is knowledge of dialect , specialized knowledge

women are primarily concerned with personal relationships when they communication ,but men are concerned only with getting the job done .Whereas women wish to include everyone ,men seek to establish their own status .Women’s concrete terminology often clashes with the abstract nature of men’s verbiage. Whereas women may engage in tentative speech ,men’s speech is characteristically assertive. Women’s communication is decidedly responsive ,while men’s communication is distinctly unresponsive. Women’s and men’s speech create the potential for misunderstanding and conflict between women and men

Language Diversity in the United States

L D has become a prominent issue in the US

People living within the same geographical boundaries can also use language in ways that differ from the dominant culture.

Argot is a private vocabulary that members of a co-culture share.

Examining argot helps gain insight into a co-culture and its social realities.

Activities

Ask an informant whose language is not English for examples of expressions from his or her native language that are difficult to translate into English. Idioms are the most likely category in which to find examples. Try to determine why the difficulty exists. What cultural values might these expressions represent?

Discussion

What problems are associated with language diversity in a country

教学时数：

2学时

Chapter Six Nonverbal communication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence

教学要点：

The importance of nonverbal communication

We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their behavior.

We use actions of others to learn about their emotional states.

Defining nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source of his or her environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.

Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.

Functions of nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, complement, substitute for a verbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.

Nonverbal communication: guidelines and Limitations

It is important to remember that we are more than our culture.

In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.

Nonverbal action seldom occur in isolation.

Nonverbal communication and culture

Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation and both involve shared understandings.

Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.

Studying nonverbal behavior can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.

Body behavior

Nonverbal messages are communicated by means of body movements(kinesics and posture), dress, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage.

Space and distance

Cultures differ in their perception and use of personal space, seating, and furniture arrangement.

Time

We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time.

Attitudes towards time also appear in the ways people conceive of the past, present, and future.