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2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆-智课教育出国考试今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆，本次考试三篇文章一旧两新,第一篇为旧题,人类行为研究，标题Decision making and happiness,相关真题可参考CST2P2,

C9T4P2。第二篇为新题，研究的是丛林狼coyote ，动物类题材可参考C7T1P1和C9T1P3。第三篇也是新题，题材为心理学，研究了一系列动物的认知能力，相关题材可参考C7T1P1和C7T3P1。所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

Passage 1

题目:Decision making and Happiness

内容：人类行为研究

题型：特殊词匹配4 +判断题5 +选择题4

参考文章(高亮为高频词汇)

Decision making and Happiness

A Americans today choose among more options in moreparts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent theopportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical tothink that if some choice is good, more is better; people whocare about having infinite options will benefit from them, andthose who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions ofcereal they have never tried. Yet recent research stronglysuggests that psychologically, this assumption is wrong.

Although some choice is undoubtedly better than none, more isnot always better than less.

B Recent research offers insight into why many people endup unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. Webegan by making a distinction between ’maximisers’ (thosewho always aim to make the best possible choice) and

’satisficers’ (those who aim for “good enough, ”whether ornot better selections might be out there).

C In particular, we composed a set of statements——theMaximization Scale——to diagnose people' s propensity to

maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselvesfrom 1 to 7 (from *“completely disagree” to “completelyagree”) on such statements as “I never settle for second best’ We also evaluated their sense, of satisfaction with theirdecisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate

maximisers from satisficers, but in general, we think of

individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale' smidpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower thanthe midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on thetest—the greatest maximisers—engage in more product

comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after theymake purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide whatto buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards,they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort readinglabels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new

products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasingdecisions with those of others.

D We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happywith the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselveswith others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they didbetter and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that theydid worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after apurchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense ofwell-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood orruminate more than satisficers do.

E Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in generalthan satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a varietyof questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being.As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scoresexperienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less

optimistic and more depressed than people with low

maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximizationratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderlineclinical range.

F Several factors explain why more choice is not always

better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are^opportunity costs. * The quality of any given option cannot beassessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the 'costs' ofmaking a selection is losing the opportunities that a differentoption would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost ofvacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing thefabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. EARLY

DECISION-MAKING RESEARCH by Daniel Katmeman and AmosTversky showed that people respond much more strongly to

losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce theoverall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the morealternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be andthe less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.

G The problem of opportunity costs will be worse for a

maximiser than for a satisficer. The latter' s *good enough1*philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. Inaddition, the *good enough* standard leads to much less

searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximiser' s“best“standard. With fewer choices under consideration, aperson will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract

H Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities theyhave forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option theysettle on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure

proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with highsensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, lessoptimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity.Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret

sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worryover future regret is a major reason that individuals becomemaximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a

decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, themore options you …… 此处隐藏：7205字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……