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2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆-智课教育出国考试今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年9月3日雅思阅读真题回忆，本次考试三篇文章一旧两新,第一篇为旧题,人类行为研究，标题Decision making and happiness,相关真题可参考CST2P2,

C9T4P2。第二篇为新题，研究的是丛林狼coyote ，动物类题材可参考C7T1P1和C9T1P3。第三篇也是新题，题材为心理学，研究了一系列动物的认知能力，相关题材可参考C7T1P1和C7T3P1。所以大家一定要看看考题回顾，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

Passage 1

题目:Decision making and Happiness

内容：人类行为研究

题型：特殊词匹配4 +判断题5 +选择题4

参考文章(高亮为高频词汇)

Decision making and Happiness

A Americans today choose among more options in moreparts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent theopportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical tothink that if some choice is good, more is better; people whocare about having infinite options will benefit from them, andthose who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions ofcereal they have never tried. Yet recent research stronglysuggests that psychologically, this assumption is wrong.

Although some choice is undoubtedly better than none, more isnot always better than less.

B Recent research offers insight into why many people endup unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. Webegan by making a distinction between ’maximisers’ (thosewho always aim to make the best possible choice) and

’satisficers’ (those who aim for “good enough, ”whether ornot better selections might be out there).

C In particular, we composed a set of statements——theMaximization Scale——to diagnose people' s propensity to

maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselvesfrom 1 to 7 (from *“completely disagree” to “completelyagree”) on such statements as “I never settle for second best’ We also evaluated their sense, of satisfaction with theirdecisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate

maximisers from satisficers, but in general, we think of

individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scale' smidpoint) as maximisers and those whose scores are lower thanthe midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on thetest—the greatest maximisers—engage in more product

comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after theymake purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide whatto buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards,they stop looking. But maximisers exert enormous effort readinglabels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new

products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasingdecisions with those of others.

D We found that the greatest maximisers are the least happywith the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselveswith others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they didbetter and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that theydid worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after apurchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense ofwell-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood orruminate more than satisficers do.

E Does it follow that maximisers are less happy in generalthan satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a varietyof questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of well-being.As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scoresexperienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less

optimistic and more depressed than people with low

maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximizationratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderlineclinical range.

F Several factors explain why more choice is not always

better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are^opportunity costs. * The quality of any given option cannot beassessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the 'costs' ofmaking a selection is losing the opportunities that a differentoption would have afforded. Thus an opportunity cost ofvacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing thefabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. EARLY

DECISION-MAKING RESEARCH by Daniel Katmeman and AmosTversky showed that people respond much more strongly to

losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce theoverall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the morealternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be andthe less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision.

G The problem of opportunity costs will be worse for a

maximiser than for a satisficer. The latter' s *good enough1*philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. Inaddition, the *good enough* standard leads to much less

searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximiser' s“best“standard. With fewer choices under consideration, aperson will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract

H Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities theyhave forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option theysettle on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure

proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with highsensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, lessoptimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity.Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret

sensitivity tend to be maximisers. Indeed, we think that worryover future regret is a major reason that individuals becomemaximisers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a

decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, themore options you have and the more opportunity costs youincur, the more likely you are to experience regret.

I ln a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs,

people were offered season subscriptions to a local theater

company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and othersat a discount Then the researchers simply kept track of how oftenthe ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the courseof the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up atperformances than

discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators

argued, was that the full-price payers would experience moreregret if they did not use the tickets because not using the morecostly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense ofhappiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the

decision is not crucial For example, make a rule to visit no morethan two stores when shopping for clothing.

参考答案：

Questions 1-4

Use the information in the passage to match the category(listed A-D) with descriptions or deeds below. Write theappropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

A Maximiser

B Satisficer

C Both

D Neither of them

1. finish transaction when the items match their expectationB

2. buy the most expensive things when shopping D

3. consider repeatedly until they make final decision A

4. participate in the questionnaire of the author C

Questions 5-9

Do the following statements agree with the informationgiven in Reading Passage 1 In boxes S-9 on your answer sheet,write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

5. With the society' s advancement more chances make ourlives better and happier. False

6. There is difference of findings by different gender

classification. Not Given

7. The feeling of loss is greater than that of acquisition. True

8. 'Good enough' plays a more significant role in pursuingJbestr standards of maximiser‘ False

9. There are certain correlations between the * regret*

people and the maximisers. True

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet

10. What is the subject of this passage?

A. regret makes people less happy

B. choices and Well-being

C. an interesting phenomenon

D. advices on shopping

11. According to conclusion of questionnaires, which of thefollowing statement is correct?

A. maximisers are less happy

B. state of being optimistic is important

C uncertain results are found

D. maximisers tend to cross bottom line

12. The experimental on theater tickets suggested:

A. sales are different according to each season

B. people like to spend on the most expensive items

C people feel depressed if they spend their vouchers

D. people would regret if they failed to spend on discountsales.

13. What is author' s suggestion on how to increase

happiness:

A. focus the final decision

B. be sensitive and smart

C. reduce the choice or option

D. read label carefully

(仅供参考)

Passage 2:

题目:Coyote

内容：研究丛林狼——数量的变化、人类活动对丛林狼的影响、未来丛林狼的生存问题

题型：段落细节匹配5+填空4+选择4

题号：新题

这是一篇关于coyote郊狼从野外到城市里生存的文章,

郊狼转战城市的原因是森林面积减少,

郊狼食肉动物,而且适应能力极强， 而且在狼逐步灭绝的过程中，郊狼已成为顶端动物。虽天生具有攻击性，但其实即使居住在城市里，对于人类也不会具有攻击性。往往郊狼最终有攻击 了人类的事情,其原因也是源自于人类的善意，比如，人类有的想要保护郊狼，然后就看到狼就喂食，而这种对于天性和本能的改变导致郊狼会有仇视产生攻击心理。郊狼在城市里的居住地范围不会占据大面积，有个小块儿隐蔽的地方就可以，但专家不会透露具体地址。郊狼在城市

里最大的危险是被撞死。然后作者说保护郊狼和赶走郊狼是两难境界,但其实人类只要允许这群狼野性地自由成长就不会有大危险。

部分答案回忆:

暂无

Passage 3 :

题目：Thinking for themselves

内容：对一系列动物认知能力的研究

题型：段落主旨配对题4+判断题S+特殊词匹配5

文章大意：

这是一篇关于对动物认知能力的研究。很多人认为动物不会像人类一样有认知能力,但有个倔强的研究者就拿来一个鹉做研究， 最后德鹉除了会说语言,还会认数字,还有区别事物的能力。之后探讨动物的creativity，由于世人觉得狗不能作为研究对象，然后研究者拿鸟做研究，有一种叫jay(松鸦)的鸟，那只鸟叫betty有着惊人的创造力，她可以根据自己要取食物的需求，自己找类似物做个钩子,研究是让别的鸟偷走betty的钩子,大家以为betty会去寻找丟失的钩子,但事实并没有，betty看到一个电线，然后卷成了钩子,获取食物,专家们都惊诧了，好赞。然后接着用鸟做例子,说明其实动物也是有心机的,她们可以根据经验判断谁是 敌人，然后做出相应心机婊举动保护自己。最后用海豚证明动物超强的模仿力，但事实上有些专家还是不认可动物的认知能力,其实是他们老伴随着变化而先把对于事}勿的定义给改了，

所以为了证明动物的能力，研究从未停止。

参考答案：

暂无