考研英语阅读真题解析上

Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science： exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur

participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right；but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a

logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology

[D] physics and chemistry 52. We can infer from the passage that ________. [A] there is little distinction between specialisation and

professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies 重点词汇：

specialisation /7speFElai5zeiFEn/（专业化）即special+is（e）+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表人。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman，

which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。specialist—a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours专科医生-一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。specialist—one who knows more and more about less and less专家-对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。response /ris5pCns/（回复；响应）是respond（见2003年Text 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor， the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。accumulation /Ekju：mju5leiF（E）n/（积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation，accumulate（v.

积累，堆积），-ation名词后缀。University are full of knowledge； the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away， and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the

ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。professionalisation

/7prE5feFEnElai5zeiFEn/（职业化）即professional+is

（e）+ation，professional（职业的；职业人员），-ise动词后缀（professionalise即v.职业化），-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals， men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。amateur /5AmEtE/（业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音爱慕它，业余爱好者选择某专业 …… 此处隐藏：11024字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……