英文原文

The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal

Management Information System

It is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.

1. The Management Information System Summary

20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.

In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.

In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.

It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but also

make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.

1.1 The Developing History of MIS

The management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.

The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.

The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures information

system CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.

It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.

Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That

system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.

1.2 The Application of Management Information System

The management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.

There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriate

Popularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.

1.3 The Direction of MIS Development

Close 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:

A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized to

establishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique head

for the ageing.

B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MIS

supplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.

C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with together

with the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely

big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size

business also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data

network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS

supplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’s

technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few

years in the interest of the business.

Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.

1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)

A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?

2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)

The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.

3. Lean Production (LP)

Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.

4. Agile Manufacture (AM)

One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.

2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS

Development

The effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.

Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.

The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce

the term in the interest of the administration.

In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.

This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In

The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.

At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.

The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.

英文翻译

文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal

管理信息系统

管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。MIS是一门新的学科，它跨越了若干个领域，比如管理科学、系统科学、运筹学、统计学以及计算机科学。在这些学科的基础上，形成信息收集和加工的方法，从而形成一个纵横交织的系统。

1．管理信息系统概述

20世纪，随着全球经济的蓬勃发展，众多经济学家纷纷提出了新的管理理论。20世纪50年代，西蒙提出管理依赖于信息和决策的思想。同时期的维娜发表了控制论，他认为管理是一个控制过程。1958年，盖尔写到：“管理将以较低的成本得到及时的、准确的信息，做到较好的控制”。这个时期，计算机开始用于会计工作。数据处理一词已经出现。

1970年，Walter T.Kennevan给刚刚出现的管理信息系统一词下了一个定义：“以扣头或书面的形式，在合适的时间向经理、职员以及外界人员提供过去的、现在的、预测未来的有关企业内部及其环境的信息，以帮助他们进行决策”。 在这个定义里强调了用信息支持决策，但并没有强调应用模型，没有提到计算机的应用。

1985年，管理信息系统的创始人，名尼苏达大学的管理学教授Gordon

B.Davis给了管理信息系统一个较为完整的定义，即“管理信息系统是一个利用计算机软硬件资源以及数据库的人-机系统。它能提供信息支持企业或组织的运行、管理和决策功能。” 这个定义全面的说明了管理信息系统的目标、功能和组成，而且反映了管理信息系统在当时达到的水平。

1.1管理信息系统的发展历史

管理信息系统在初级阶段是统计系统，所研究的内容是数量数据间表面的规律，它可以把数据分成较相关和较不相关的组，然后把数据转换为信息。

第二阶段是数据更新系统，其典型代表是美国航空公司于20世纪50年代建成的SABRE预约订票系统。它设有1008个订票点，可以存取600000个旅客记录和27000个飞行段记录。它的操作比较复杂，在任何“点”都可以查到某一航班是否有空座位。但从概念上来讲，它只是一个数据更新系统，比如它不能告诉你以现在的售票速度何时票将售完，从而采取补救措施。因而它也是管理信息系统的低级阶段。

第三阶段是状态报告系统，它可以分成生产状况报告、服务状态报告和研究状态报告等系统。比如生产状况报告系统，它的典型代表是IBM公司的生产管理系统。众所周知，IBM公司是世界上最大的计算机公司，1964年它生产出中型计算机IBM360，使计算机的水平提高了一个台阶，但同时组织生产的管理工作却大大复杂化了，一台计算机又超过15000个不同的部件，每个部件又有若干个元件，加之IBM的工厂遍及美国各地，不同的订货有不同的部件和不同的元件，必须指出什么工厂什么设备生产什么元件，因此不仅生产复杂，装配、安装和运输都十分复杂。为了保证生产以及其他环节的顺利进行，必须要有一个以计算机为基础的生产状态报告系统。因此同年IBM建立了先进管理系统AAS,它能进行450个业务的操作。1968年，公司又建立了公用制造信息系统CMIS,运行很成功，过去需要15周的工作，该系统只用3周就可以完成。状态报告系统还有一种形式是数据处理系统，它用来处理日常业务和生产报告，重点在于将手工作业自动化，提高效率和节省人力。数据处理系统一般不能提供决策信息。

最后的阶段是决策支持系统，它是用来辅助决策的信息系统。该系统可以计划、分析方案，审查解答和求解的误差。它应有较好的人-机对话方式，可以和不怎么熟悉计算机的人员通话。它一般包括一些模型用以产生决策信息，但不强调全面的管理功能。

1.2管理信息系统的应用

管理信息系统起初应用于最基础的工作，如打印报表、计算工资、人事管等，进而发展到企业财务管理、库存管理等单项业务管理，这属于电子数据处理(EDP,Electroni9c Data Processing) 系统。当建立了企业数据库，有了计算机网络从而达到数据共享后，从系统观点出发，实施全局规划和设计信息系统时，就达到了管理信息系统阶段。随着计算机技术的进步和人们对系统的需求进一步提

高，人们更加强调管理信息系统的阶段。随着计算机技术的进步和人们对系统的需求进一步提高，人们更加强调管理信息系统能否支持企业高层领导的决策这一功能，更侧重于企业外部信息的收集、综合数据库、模型库、方法库、和其它人工智能工具能否直接面向决策者，这是决策支持系统(DDS)的任务。

在20世纪70年代初期，世界范围内有少数企业开始MIS的局部应用。到目前，MIS在世界各国已经有了相当的普及率，几乎覆盖了各个行业及各部门。

1.3管理信息系统的发展方向

近20年间，国外大公司出现了3种变化：

抓管理着重于建立MIS系统，使管理技术走向成熟。

信息是决策的依据，MIS随时为经理提供信息服务。

经理通过MIS使其经营计划和具体的业务活动联系在一起。

由于以上的变化。MIS应用得到了迅速的发展。不仅大中型企业普遍建立了自己的MIS,一些小型企业也不例外，普遍建立了公用数据网络，如电子邮件、电子数据交换等，尤其是近年来INTERNET的飞速发展，INTRANET技术的应用，为企业MIS提供了良好的支持环境。

从国际技术发展趋势看，20世纪90年代出现了几种全新的管理技术

1.企业过程重组(BPR)

一个企业应该重视对时间、产品质量、生产成本和技术服务等几个部分的管理，把目前的机构和过程重新组合，做到功能集成化、运营过程化、机构组织扁平化。

2.智能化决策支持系统(IDDS)

充分考虑了企业高层人员的要求和工作特点，将把中层管理人员的服务转向为经理的决策服务。

3.精量生产(LP)

应用准时生产、全面质量管理、并行工程等技术，最大限度的缩短产品设计和生产周期、提高产品质量、降低再制品库存，并在生产中提倡团队精神，以满足客户不断变化的需求。

4.灵捷制造(AM)

一种有远见的企业管理模式，其特点是职工素质高，组织机构精简、多功能小组

效率高、信息存放灵活、响应客户要求迅速。

2.理信息系统的发展对企业管理的影响

管理信息系统的发展对企业和企业管理的变革产生了和正在产生着深远的影响。管理信息系统可以辅助决策，特别是战略决策，它的好坏直接影响到企业的生存和发展。MIS正在促使管理方法由定性和定量相结合的方向发展。这表现在管理中运用预测和各种数学模型来定量分析企业中的问题。过去管理问题难以进行试验，而MIS则可以结合管理需要，提供充分的数据，为管理模拟创造条件。

随着MIS的发展，许多企业把分散的信息集中起来成立了直属经理的信息系统部，信息系统部的负责人一般为副经理级。企业的权力集中到高级管理人员手中以后，似乎使许多科室的工作减少了，因此有人预言，中层管理将消失。实际上，再现阶段用了信息系统后中层管理不仅没有减少，反而稍有增加。这是因为，虽然中下层管理人员从繁琐的事务性工作中解脱出来，但需要他们用更多的精力去分析研究工作，进一步提高管理决策水平。随着MIS的发展，企业对高技术人才的需求不断增加，而能力不足者将逐步被淘汰。这就迫使人们通过学习、培训，不断提高个人素质。随着通讯、网络和文档传输系统的发展，企业职员可以在远地或家中上班。美国兰克·施乐公司(Rank Zerox)的网上办公系统，已经使该公司大大节省了开支，工作效率明显上升，为提高办公人员的创造性创造了优越的条件。

目前许多国家正在酝酿一种更先进的制造业战略，成为敏捷制造企业。它完全根据用户需求来组织设计与生产，可以通过信息流调动不同地域的企业为同一个产品进行大协作，通过对机器的重新编程和对资源、人员的重新组织，构成了一个新的制造系统，使得生产成本与批量几乎无关。敏捷制造企业与用户建立一个完全崭新的战略依存关系，将会引起产业结构的又一次革命。

管理信息系统正在朝着自适应、自学习的方向发展，也就是能更好的模拟人的决策过程。西方某些企业家梦想完善的MIS是包治企业百病的灵丹妙药；但也有人说，过多的依赖MIS会导致管理上的失败。了解MIS对企业的影响，有利于我们在开发和研究工作中，使企业的组织机构、管理体制和管理方法更好的与MIS的发展相适应，建立更有效的MIS。