胡壮麟语言学笔记 考试有用

1.1 Why study language?

1. Language is very essential to human beings.

2. In language there are many things we should know.

3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.

1.2 What is language?

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

1.3 Design features of language

The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.

1.3.1 Arbitrariness

Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.

1.3.2 Duality

Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

1.3.3 Creativity

Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.

1.3.4 Displacement

Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.

1.4 Origin of language

1. The bow-wow theory

In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.

2. The pooh-pooh theory

In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.

3. The ―yo-he-ho‖ theory

As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.

1.5 Functions of language

As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions:

1. Referential: to convey message and information;

2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;

3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions;

4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties;

5. Phatic: to establish communion with others;

6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.

Halliday (1994) proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. It means that language has three metafunctions:

1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer;

2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;

3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken and written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.

According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions:

1.5.1 Informative

The informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

胡壮麟语言学笔记 考试有用

The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.

1.5.3 Performative

The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in

marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.

1.5.4 Emotive function

The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing

the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.

1.5.5 Phatic communion

The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions

such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.

1.5.6 Recreational function

The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s

babbling or a chanter’s chanting.

1.5.7 Metalingual function

The metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word

―book‖ to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression ―the word book‖ to talk about the sign ―b-o-o-k‖ itself.

1.6 What is linguistics?

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings.

1.7 Main branches of linguistics

1.7.1 Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic

phonetics, and auditory phonetics.

1.7.2 Phonology

Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds

and the shape of syllables.

1.7.3 Morphology

Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes.

1.7.4 Syntax

Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or

simply, the study of the formation of sentences.

1.7.5 Semantics

Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.

1.7.6 Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.

1.8 Macrolinguistics

Macrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealt solely with the formal aspect of languag …… 此处隐藏：61059字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……