经贸英语阅读

Reading Course in Business EnglishUnit 2 International Trade Theories

经贸英语阅读

Key terms 1

Mercantilism (mercantilist) Trade surplus/deficit Subsidize v. Zero-sum game/Positive-sum game

重商主义(重商主义者) 贸易赢余(顺差)/赤字(逆差) 补贴 零和博弈/正和博弈 《国富论》(亚当.斯密) 绝对优势 比较优势

The Wealth of NationsAbsolute advantage Comparative advantage

经贸英语阅读

Key terms 2Labor-intensive goods capital-intensive goods Factor of production Leontief Paradox Consumer preference Human capital Physical capital Capital expenditure Less developed country Resources endowment Manufactured goods Market economies 劳动密集型商品 资本密集型商品 生产要素 列昂剔夫悖论 消费者偏好 人力资本 实物资本 资本性支出 欠发达国家 资源禀赋 工业制成品 市场经济体

经贸英语阅读

Key terms 3

Country-similarity theory Home market Factor endowments Pattern of trade Primary commodity Per capita income Lower-income country Demand or reaction lag Imitation lag Patent law Economies of scale Learning-by-doing Opportunity cost High/low-wage economies Product life cycle

国家相似理论 母国市场、本国市场 要素禀赋 贸易模式/格局 初级商品 人均收入 低收入国家 需求或反应滞后 模仿滞后 专利法 规模经济 干中学 机会成本 高/低工资经济体 产品生命周期

经贸英语阅读

Language Point 1

Countries should export more than they import and if successful, would receive the value of their trade surpluses in the form of gold from countries that ran deficits. 各国应使出口超过进口，如果做到了这一点， 将从赤字国获得贸易盈余带来的黄金流入。Note: A favorable balance of trade is known as a trade surplus and consists of exporting more than is imported; an unfavorable balance of trade is known as a trade deficit.5

经贸英语阅读

Language point 2

In order to export more than they imported, governments established monopolies over their countries’ trade, imposed restrictions on most imports, and subsidized many exports. 为了使出口超出进口，政府对该国的贸易建立垄断， 对进口产品加以限制，对许多出口产品进行补贴。 Note: imports/exports 在某些上下文中译成“进口/ 出口产品”6

经贸英语阅读

Language point 3

It follows that, if all countries pursue such a policy, the result will be conflicting among them. 所有的国家都奉行这样一项政策的话， 其 结果必然是各国之间自相矛盾。 It follows that…: 是…的必然结果

经贸英语阅读

Language point 4

The accumulation of a large hoarding of gold through running an export surplus does not make a country materially better-off. On the contrary, a country may be able to achieve a large export su

rplus by denying its citizens goods which could satisfy their wants, that is, by deliberately underconsuming. 通过保有出口盈余来囤积大量黄金并不能使一个国 家实现物质生活的富裕。相反，一个国家却能够通 过剥夺其公民消费用来满足需求的商品，即有意使 消费不足，取得大量的贸易盈余。8

经贸英语阅读

Language point 5

Mercantilists assumed trade was a zero-sum game --- that it couldn’t mutually benefit all parties. On the contrary, trade should benefit all countries by enabling them to enjoy more goods at lower cost than could be obtained in the absence of trade. 重商主义者认为贸易是一种零和博弈，不可能对各方互为有 利。相反， 贸易应该使各方比在没有贸易时以更低廉的成本 享用更多的商品。 Zero-sum game: a situation in which a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participant(s). Positive /negative-sum game

经贸英语阅读

Language point 6

The reason why it pays countries to trade is the existence of different relative or comparative costs in the production of different goods. So long as each country possesses a comparative advantage in at least one activity, it still pays to specialize in that activity and engage in trade. 各国可以从贸易中获利的原因在于，不同商品的生产具有不同 的相对/比较成本。只要一国在至少一种生产活动中具有比较优 势，该国专门进行该生产活动然后进行贸易就会获利。

经贸英语阅读

Language point 7They explained differences in comparative costs in terms of differences in the amounts of different factors with which countries were endowed and differences in the factor proportions required for the production of different goods.他们根据各国要素禀赋的数量差异以及生产不同商品所需的要 素比例差异对比较成本的差异进行了解释。

经贸英语阅读

Language point 8

Training and education require capital expenditures that do not show up in traditional capital measurements, which include only plant and equipment values 培训和教育需要资本性支出,而这些支出运用传统的资本衡量 办法没有表现为资本, 传统的资本只包括厂房和设备的价值.

capital expenditure: Funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment. This type of outlay is made by companies to maintain or increase the scope of their operations. These expenditures can inclu …… 此处隐藏：3776字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……