考研英语翻译常考句型解析(一)

1.It is not that but that 这不是说 ，而是说

「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the

principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer

apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

「译文」这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构

造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因

而在计量上必然更加准确。

2.nothing else than 完全是，实在是

「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.

「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。

3.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时做定语从句处理。

「例文」We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the

government, will succeed.

「译文」我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。

4.名词+or+名词结构中，or后的名词是同位语，应译为即 ；或者称 .

「例文」Moreover， technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the

manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.

「译文」再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些记忆并不一定都

需要机器。

5.more than 结构有三种译法：than连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句；在比

较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为与其说 不如说；进行同类比较时，译成比 更.

「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand

far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians

are willing to admit in their speeches.

「译文」人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底

变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。

「分析」这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。虽然本句是进行

程度上的比较，但从句意义是否定的，故译成否定句。

6.no more than 与not any more than

no more than 与not any more than同义，不可简单地看成是more than的否

定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特

殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；表示同类否定比较时，可译为不比 更或都 同样不；

表示比喻关系时，可译为正如 不， 也不.

「例文」The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had

sailed.

「译文」这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词

是可以省略的。)

「分析」这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food no better , than on any other ship 是

省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中

no more than用于同类否定的比较，可译为不如 .

7.not so much as与其说 不如说

「例文」Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men

of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

「译文」新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于

改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。

「分析」这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward,

and tools是宾语从句。not so much as连接的是状语，as引导的状语从句中，由于上下

文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as(sciencemoves forward.)because of not so much as

也可译为与其说 不如说 ，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比

较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more than

表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这

两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。

8.the same as与 相同

「例文」You have made the same mistake as last time.

「译文」你又犯了同上次一样的错误。

9.no less than(no less than) 不但 而且；不亚于；简直是，实在是

「例文」China insists always on the need for selfreliance, no less in economic policie

than in making revolution.

「译文」中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面都是如

此。

「分析」这是一个简单句，no less than连接两个介词短语做状语。no less than

连接两个并列的成分，信息重心在前，因此汉译时要倒过来译。

10.none other than不是 正是；除了 外，不会是

「例文」Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought

together.

「译文」当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应(即： 常发生与希望

有的反应不同的反应)。

「分析」other than为固定结构，其义有二：一是与 不同，而不是；二是除了之意。

可插入名词，本句中做与 不同解。

11.nothing but = nothing else than = nothing less than 不是别的 正是

「要点」本句型亦为强调判断句。常译作不是别的 正是 .

「例文」Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.

「译文」天才不过是劳动加勤奋而已。

12.much less = still less 更不，更无

「例文」He is too shy to ask a stranger the time, still less speak to a room full of people.

「译文」他连向陌生人打听时间都不好意思，更不用说向一屋子人讲话了。

「分析」much less, still less 引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，所以这两个词

组只能用于否定句中。需要指出的是，to say nothing of , not to speak of, not to mention let

alone这四个词组的意思也是更不用说，也表示一个追补的说法，但它们与much less和still

less有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义，

如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义，如：

13.anything but 根本不；all but 几乎，差一点，除 以外其余都是；but for 要不是；

but that +从句：若不是

「例文」Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt

anything but lonely.

「译文」虽然他单独一人呆在这所无人居住的房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也

没有感到孤独。

「分析」这是一个主从复合句。he was so busy work是主句，that 至句末为结果状

语从句，句首Alone house为形容词短语做让步状语。句中anything but 意为not at all ,

句中but 做介词，意为except.

14.not nearly (= far from ， much less than) 相差很远，远远少于

「例文」The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that

we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

「译文」食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销两

方面正陷入危机。

「分析」这是一个主从复合句，非限制性定语从句的关系代词which之前为主句，which

引导定语从句，在定语从句中关系代词that又引导宾语从句。

15.can not too 再 也不过分，应该

「例文」We cannot be too faithful to our duties.

「误译」我们不能太忠于职守。

「正译」我们必须尽力忠于职守。(我们再忠于职守也不过分。)

21.主语+be+the last+名词+不定式或从句意为决不至于 ，最不 的

「例文」Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.

「译文」违约他是决不会的。

「分析」这也是一个主从复合句，that从句为定语从句修饰先行词the last thing, 前面

的为主句。the last(最后的一个)是一种转义的用法，意即屈指计算，它居最后。不可译作

是最后一个做 的人，宜译作决不至于 ，最不 的，这是一种强有力的否定方式。

22.not but 不是 而是 ； but not 是 而不是

「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the

principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer

apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.(实题)考试

「译文」并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤在构造原理或工作方式上和化学家所

用的天平存在差异，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必

然更准确得多。

「分析」这是一个并列复合句，连词but连接两个并列的表语从句。本句的句架为：It

is not that but (it is)that 在第一个表语从句中，主语是the scales in the one case和

balance in the other(case), 谓语动词是differ. in the one case和in the other(case)是对称的两

种情况。第二个表语从句是一个比较句型，即是the latter和the former的比较。the latter(后

者)指第一分句中的the balance in the other(case); the former(前者)指第一分句中的the

scales in the one case.本句型属正反判断句。它包括二式，意义完全一样。用得较普遍的是

第一式，先否定，后肯定。第二式是先肯定，后否定；第二式的连词and或but, 可用可不

用。第一式常译作不是 而是 ，第二式作是 而不是 .

23.had(would)+rather + than 宁可 而不

「例文」I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound

belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principleswhich

are sacred to me.

「译文」我宁愿昂着头，怀着不动摇的信念，抱着祖国前途的深刻的信心而死，而不

愿在屈从之下背弃神圣的原则而生。

「分析」这是一个简单复合句。句架为：I would rather die , than live and

renounce would rather than 意为宁可 而不 用以表选择。Die之后的两个

with短语为伴随状况，修饰humility原意为谦虚(逊)地，本例中可引申为屈从之下，该介词

短语作修饰live. 句末的which从句作定语修饰principle, renounce意为背(放)弃.本句型表

示主观上的抉择，常译作宁可 ，与其 宁愿 .第一是表推测或设想，语气较委婉；第二

式是陈述语气，较坚决。现在多用would rather 代替had rather.

24.If only 只要 就 ；only if 必须在 条件下才

「例文」If only we work with might and main, the difficulties will be overcome.

「译文」只要我们大家全力以赴，困难必然会克服的。

「分析」这是一个主从复合句，逗号前为条件状语从句，逗号后为主句。

一、表示否定的前缀

1.dis－加在名词、形容词，动词之前。

disadvantage（缺点）dishonorable（不光彩的）disagree（不同意）

2.in-加在形容词，名词之前

incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的）

3.im-加在字母m，b，p之前

impossible（不顺能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻）

4.il-加在以1开头的词前

illegal（非法的），illiterate（文盲的，无文化的）illogical（不合逻辑的）

5.ir-加在以r开头的词前

irregular（不稳定的），irresistable（不可抵抗的），irresolvable（不能解决的）

6.un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前 unfinished（未完成的）undoubted（无疑的）unemployment（失业） 7.non-加在形容词，名词前 non-existence（不存在），non-essential（不主要的） 8.mis－加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导） 9.dis-加地动词之前 disappear（消失），disarm（解除武装），disconnect（失去联系） 10.de-加在名词，形容词之前 demobilize（遣散；使 复员）decolor（脱色，漂白） 11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前 anti-Japanese（抗日战争），anti-social（厌恶社会的，反社会的） 12.counter-加在名词、动词前 counterattack（反攻，反击），counteract（抵抗，阻碍） 二、表示“前before”的前缀 1.pre- preconception（成见），pre-exsiting（先于 而存在的），preface（前言） 2.Ante- anteroom（前室，接待室），antecessor（先行者，先驱者） 3.Fore- forehaed（前额），foreground（前景），foresee（预见，先见） 4.Pro-

programme（计划），prologue（序幕）

5.Ex-

ex-president（前任总统）ex-wife（前妻）

三、表示“后－post”的前缀

1.post-

post-war（战后），post-plsition（后置词），postmeridian（下午）

四、表示“低”、“下”的前缀

1.Hypo-

Hypocrisy（伪善，虚伪），hypothesis（假设），pypocholoride（次氯酸盐）

2.Infra-

Infra-red（红外线），infrahuman（低于人类的），infrasonic（亚声的，次声的）

3.Sub-

sub-way（地铁），submarine（海下的），subtitle（副标题）

五、表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀

1.Re-

Refuel（给 加油），reinforce（加强），reconstruct（重建），return（返回）

2.Retro-

Retrograde（倒退的），retrospect（回顾）

kilowatt（千瓦），kilometer（千米）

六、表示“共同”、“和”的前缀

1.Co-

co-exist（共存），co-operate（合作），co-education（男女同校）

七、表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀 1.Inter- Interchangeble（可互换的），international（国际的），inter-national（交往） 八、表示“出”、“超出”的前缀 1.Ec- Eclipse（蚀），ecstasy（狂想） 2.Extra- Extraordinary（非凡的），extramural（校外的），extrasensory（超感觉的） 九、表示“超过”的前缀 1.hyper-，preter-，super-，sur-，ultra- hyper-sensitive（过敏的），preterhuman（超人的）

考研英语翻译技巧大汇总

英译汉就是运用汉语把英语所表达的内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的过程或结果。在

翻译过程中，值得注意的是：一在翻译需要表达的是句子或文章的内容，而不是结构；二翻

译过程中，不是将两种语言的结构进行简单的转换。

翻译的过程一般分为阅读理解、汉语表达和审校润色三个阶段。常见的方法有：

一、 词类转译法

由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系，所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存

在很大的差异，这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化（如：动词转化为名词，

形容词转化为名词等），才能使译文畅通。例如：

The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.

当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。

[分析]将句中的形容词rapid转译为汉语中的副词。

二、 增补法

有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译，意念是不完整的，必须根据意义、修辞或句法的

需要增补一些汉语，才能更加忠实于原文，使原文的思想更完整地再现。例如：

We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.

我们需要清新的空气，但遗憾的是，空气污染普遍存在，在城市中尤其如此。

[分析]本句为了避免“尤其是在城市里”的表达不完整，增加了“如此”。

三、 省译法

由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异，原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显

得累赘，不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下，就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等

省去不译，但是不能影响原文的意义表达。例如：

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

天未下雪，但叶落草枯。

[分析]在汉语中“叶落”的概念非常清楚，所以省译了from the trees。

四、 顺译法

也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序，依次翻译英语句子，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序

基本一致。例如：

He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were

set in a gentle and saintly smile.

他看得出，她一生含辛茹苦，如今苦尽甘来，嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。

[分析]英语句子的顺序，从意思上讲，与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。

五、 逆译法

也就是对于句子结构复杂的英语句子，可以先翻译全句的后部，在依次向前逆序翻译前

面的句子。例如：

It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.

我们的任务是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能发电站。

[分析]翻译英语里面的一系列状语时，必须按照时间状语、地点状语和方式状语的顺序

汉语习惯表达习惯来组织语句。

六、 分译法

也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前

后保持连贯。例如：

At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.

会议上作出一项决定，把一部分学生转到另一所学校去。

[分析]本句的主语的后置定语比较长，而谓语很短，为了使句子结构匀称，避免头重脚

轻的现象，就把后面的不定式与主句分开翻译了。

七、 综合法

也就是说翻译时经过仔细推敲，或按照时间先后，或按照逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有

次地对全句进行综合处理，英语和汉语的字面意思不完全对应，但是内涵是相同的。例如：

One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what

Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million

people instead of the 5.7 million at present.只要设想一下，假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是

现在的五百七十万，而是两千八百万，瑞士会是什么情景，人民便会清楚地理解日本所面临

的人口压力是多么大。

[分析]原文的重点在于One can...population pressure，按照汉语习惯，应该先叙事，后总

结，所以翻译时从中间by imagining...入手，最后回到句首，译出One can...。而且汉语句子

的意思也有“意译”的成分。

名师08考研翻译技巧--李勇全

08年即将考研的学子们翻译要注意被动，定语从句、状语从句翻译，现我特别把老师上课

时讲的翻译技巧部分列于我的博克，祝福08考研学子成功。

一、英语复句转换成汉语复句

鉴于考研英语的英泽汉试题中大多数句子都是复杂句或复合句，即所谓的长句，所以我们对

英语长句的翻译作较详细的论述。前面我们对英语长句已进行过概括说明，知道了长句的特

点以及具体的分析方法。下面我们就长句的英汉转换以及在此过程中所运用的方法进行分

析。

对付长句，有两个行之有效的方法。首先 “拆”，就是把原句一个句子拆成几个分句、意群

或小的句子；其次是“排”，就是按照汉语的逻辑顺序等习惯，重新安排所拆开的分句、意

群或小的句子。为方便记忆，我们把这两种方法简称为“一拆二分”。

一般来说，翻译英语长句非一种方法所能及，它需要各种方法的综合，既有分译，又有合译；

既有顺序译法，又有逆序译法；既有单独使用一种方法，又有种种方法综合使用现在我们就

上述各种方法的运用举例说明。

(1) 顺序法：当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻

译成汉语。例如：

例1 A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by

means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his

invention to the public after that period terminates.

例2 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but

only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with

whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information

which he possessed. (1992年考研试题)

例3 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible

to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all

known sources and reserves of these materials. (1984年考研试题)

例4 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a

mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible

failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man’s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who

once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.

例5 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that

the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent

judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by

resenting and resisting it.

(2) 逆序法：又称“倒置法“，主要指句子的前后倒置问题。有些英语长句的表达次序与汉

语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。考研

英语中这样的例子很多，许多句子都需要作这样的调整。逆序法在长句的翻译中，我们可根

据不同的情况按意群进行全部逆序或部分逆序。

例1 With a view to successfully maintaining a balanced system implemented by a basically

even distribution of Federal resources, Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable

standards of administration.

例2 So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past, the double victims of

technology: exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery; unfitted for life in the

city because of the consequences of industrial mechanization.

例3 A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the

United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic

guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

例4 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their

opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more

advice.

例5 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to

sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

(3) 分译法：又叫“拆译法”，是指将长句中的某些成分（句子、词组或词）从句子主干中

拆开，另行处理，以利于句子的总体安排。在考研英译汉试题中，有些长句里的某些成分是

很难用“顺序法”或“逆序法”翻译。此时，采用“分译法”，将它们放到句子主干之首或

句尾，分开来叙述。有时，为了拆分的需要，还要适当增加词语。考生必须注意的是：分译

的目的是化长为短、化整为零，消除译文的阻塞；人译的条件是当句中主语与修饰词的关系

并不十分密切时。分译后的译文必须连贯，有整体感。例如：

例1 This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for

winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder.

例2 The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of

the South since the end of World War II, made considerable headway especially in the five states

of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas.

例3 As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to

be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it possible, in many cases,

for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that

were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.

(4) 综合法：有些长句单独使用以上三种方法中的任何一个都有不妥之处，那么可按时空顺

序、有顺有逆、主次分明的方式进行处理。下面举例说明：

例1 This phenomenon describes the way in which light physically scatters when it passes

through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are 1/10th in diameter of the color of the light.

二、英语被动结构的汉译

英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技文体和说明文体中，被动语态几乎随处

可见。英以对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语。在很多情况下，汉语在主谓之间的关系上并

不十分重视，而一律用主动式。这是因为汉语动词不具备英语动词那样的形态变化，因而主

要依赖于词汇手段以及句式来表示被动语态，而且在很多情况下主谓之间的被动关系是隐含

的。对于英语被动句的翻译，我们经常采用以下方法：

(1) 被动隐含法。这种方法是指将被动语态译为主动语态时，被动形式隐含，即原文中的主

语在译文中仍做主语，有时我们需要添加诸如“加以、予以、给以、经过、用 来、由

所、靠 来”等词来体现原文的被动含义。例如：

例1 This ability to speak was of great value because it allowed men to share ideas, and to plan

together, so that tasks impossible for a single person could be successfully undertaken by

intelligent team-work.

例2 In other words, mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging,

boring boles, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.

例3 They consider the increase in various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other

factors in the complex human environment ―― atmospheric pollution, increased nervous tress,

chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers

in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.

例4 Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and

behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (1990年考研试题)

例5 I would suggest, however, that this minimum of subsistence should be limited to a definite

period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which

refuses any kind of social obligation.

(2) 主语转换法。这种转换方式有以下几种：

1）英文中的主语转换成汉语译文中的宾语，英文中介词by后的宾语转换成汉语译文中的主

语。

例1 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional

methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. (1999年考

研试题)

例2 By the end of 1994, more than 9 600 patients had been cured of leukaemia by Dr. Black

Smith, a famous medical doctor.

例3 Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important

factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat, and is believed to be

related to cancer of the oral cavity.

例4 The association of “substances” in the environment with the development of cancer was

suggested in 1975 by Sir Percivall Pott, who reported the frequent occurrence of cancer of the

scrotum in chimney sweeps chronically exposed to flue dusts.

例5 In the immeasurable length of time since this form of behavior was acquired by the human

race, language has always been the best integrated and most often used medium of cultural

expression.

2）其他介词，如in, for后的宾语翻译成汉语译文中的主语，而英语原文中的主语转换成了

汉语译文中的宾语。

例1 Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province,

helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way.

例2 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means

compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

(1993年考研试题)

例3 It’s crystal clear: what’s been schemed for in his plan is power rather than money.

(3) 使用泛指主语，或译成无主句，即用“有人、人们、大家、据说、据报道”等表达法来

转换被动意义；或者汉语译文中缺省主语或没有必要指出动作的执行者。通常可以这样翻译

的有如下结构：

It is asserted that 有人主张

It is enumerated that 有人列举

It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问

It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为

It is suggested that

It is recommended that

It is generally considered that

It is well known that

It is reported that

It is supposed that

It is estimated that

It is predicted that

It is found that

It is hoped that

It must be pointed out that

It will be seen from this that

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that

It can be safely said that

下面举例说明：

例1 Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow

the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are

both instructive and entertaining. (考研试题)

例2 It is said that a dying person tends to recollect his whole life, like seeing a film.

例3 On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but

only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with

whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information

which they processed. (考研试题)

例4 But in 1890s a person might have thought it unlikely if he had been told that the entire

urban landscape of the planet would be modified to accommodate the automobile.

例5 It was long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones. Scientists today

believe that male hormones are only part of the explanation, however. They say aggressiveness in

boys is also caused by mothers.

(4) 译成“被”字句，“被”也可以用“叫、让、给”等介词替代。

例1 Children will play with toys equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built

personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell

television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001年考研试题)

例2 They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they

are believed to have been the planetesimal――like building blocks for some of the outer planets

and their satellites.

例3 There is also the danger of more people knowing things we would like to keep private. The

more information is stored in computer, the greater the possibility of it being misused or accessed

by the wrong people.

例4 Any time we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.

例5 The murder was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.

(5) 译成“ 的”或“ 是 的 ”：有些句子可以根据上下文的需要译成带表语

性的主动句。例如：

例1 The idea of human society and of man himself as a reasoning being can not be separated

from the fact men possess language.

例2 Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.

例3 On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only

if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom

he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they

possessed.

例4 Poets are born, but orators are made.

例5 They (visual images) are formed, in ways we do not understand, out of the signals or

information reaching us from the environment.

除此之外，对于被动结构的翻译还有诸如译成“受、遭受、遭到、受到、叫做”等多种译法。

如：

例1 The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including

the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.

例2 Throw a tennis ball on the floor. The ball bounces back. In the same way, when light falls

on certain things it bounces back. When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.

被动结构的翻译方法不仅仅局限于上述几种方法。因为归根究底，翻译的方法和技能技巧的

发挥必须以语言的交际功能为依据和依旧。在实际的语句翻译中，被动结构的翻译要求以上

种种方法综合的、灵活的运用，这是显而易见的。

翻译技巧

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然

会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换

法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这

些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为

口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些

词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉

语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用

英语无主句、被动语态或"There

be "结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、

代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到

人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译

英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词

组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这

种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译

英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保

译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明

确。如：

（1）What about calling him right away?

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）

（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）

(3) Indeed, the reverse is true

实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

(4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human

rights.（增译物主代词）

（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were

forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）

（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two

countries.（增译介词）

（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big

oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）

（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the

mastermind.（增译注释性词语）

2. 省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习

惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.

你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）

(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）

（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to

environmental protection. (省译名词)

3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、

句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；

把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，

把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主

语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从

句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：

(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and

the municipal government. (名词转动词)

（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of

children.

孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)

（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our

comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

(4) I'm all for you opinion.

我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）

（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.

改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）

（6）In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his

environment.

作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）

（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest

social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）

（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！

We don't have much time left. Let's go back. (句型转换)

（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.

(名词转副词)

4.拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若

干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般

用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，

因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、

独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓

连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成

汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相

间的句法修辞原则。如：

(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United

States.

同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 （在主谓连接处拆译）

（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the

Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语

从句前拆译）

（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see

Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the

community will take their interests into account

英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。

（在定语从句前拆译）

（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余

为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in

agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being

mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）

5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句

子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语