当代研究生英语读写教程上、下册课后翻译答案

【上册】

Unit1

The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand.In cyberspace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property content and access control,Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.

译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，他们将渐渐萎缩消亡。 Unit2

Once the problem is understood,improvement comes naturally.Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won't listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women's relation-ships. But if their husbands don't adapt,the women may still be comforted that for men,this is not a failure of intimacy.Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk.And husbands who can't provide it shouldn't feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.

译：一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴的发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。

Unit3

1.When it first came into being, the Earth very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere.

译：在地球形成的初期，上面很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。

2.Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago,portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to quality as what we call"life".

译：在20亿到30亿年期间，一部分地球表面的水在太阳能的作用下，形成了结构复杂的化合物，这些化合物灵活多变，足以形成我们称之为“生命”的东西。

3.The entire planet is life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions(as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).

当代研究生英语读写教程上、下册课后翻译答案

译：整个星球是一种由无机部分和各种各样的有机生命构成的生命形式（正如我们自己的身体，既是由各种各样的有机部分构成，又是由骨骼中的无机晶体和血液中的无机水分所构成）。

4.In the same way,on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earth's life in general,but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and,therefor,in the details of geological structure.

译：同样，从全球的规模考虑，砍掉一整片森林在总体上不会对地球生命构成威胁，但是这样做会对该地区的生态形式造成严重的影响，甚至会造成水的流失，从而引起地质结构的细微变化。

5.Barring interference from outside,the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it.

译：如果排除外界的干扰，食肉动物和被吃动物都保持一个适当的数量，这样对双方都有好处。

6.The present rate of increase of Earth's swarming human population qualifies Homo sapiens as an ecological cancer,which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism.

译：目前世界人口的急剧增长率使人类可以被称为生态恶性肿瘤。这种恶性肿瘤肯定会摧毁生态环境，正如普通的癌细胞会摧毁人的肌体一样。

UNIT 6 杰克正在想入非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。他猛的一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是轰然撞上了。如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。实际上，他好象没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。

UNIT 7 就在这同一天，我的车又坏了，电冰箱不制冷了，而且我还得知我的右后臼齿牙根需要镶补。

17, 如果我们突然看到油漆又飞回旧楼房的墙面，我们准会感到有问题。如果我们看到一个鸡蛋自己拼凑在一起又跳回蛋壳，我们准会开怀大笑，就象看一组倒放的电影镜头那样。 18, 在婚姻中很容易出现熵，当伴侣们过于忙自己的事，而忽视弥补小小裂痕时，几乎可以肯定他们的婚姻要破裂。

19, 一个冰冷分子朝背离冰箱方向运动的概率也是50%。但是如果数十亿个冷热空气分子混合在一起，那么所有冷空气分子朝冰箱方向运动，同时所有热空气分子背离冰箱运动的概率实际上是零。

20, 如果在厨房只有10几个空气分子，那么我等上一年左右，或许在某个时刻6个最冷的分子会聚集在冰箱里。但是，这一等式中的变量越多、参加这一游戏的角色越多，他们的路径井然有序的相互吻合的可能性就越小。

【下册】

Unit 1

Passages of human growth （1） During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or

当代研究生英语读写教程上、下册课后翻译答案

stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action. 在这些变化和转折中， 我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙的变 化：第一，在内心中对自己和他人的看法；第二，当生活的各种威胁而所具有的 安全感； 第三， 是我们对时间的认识， 是感到来日方长， 还是开始感到时日无多？ 最后是对自己的精力活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心？这 些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它们构成了我们生活的基调，影响 着我们采取行动的种种决定。

（2） The tasks of this passage are of to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally. 人生这一阶段的任务是，在同龄人中，在性别角色中，在期望的职业中，以及 在思想意识和世界观方面确立的位置。这样，我们既有了离家独立的动力，也有 了离家独立的心理准备。

（3） Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental training might be reflected in our current actions and attitudes. 由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及对自己的意志充满信心， 我们在二十几岁时普遍认 定自己所选择的道路是人生真正的事业所在。如果有人说我们很像自己的父母， 说我们的言行举止是父母二十多年来教育和熏陶的结果，我们会很不高兴。

Unit2

1. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo′s dense and

sparsely populated jungles but ,once it did ,it marched with rebel armies through the continentˊs numerous warzones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next ,and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s.

译：几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮浓密的丛林中爆发出来。一旦流传开来，它就随着反叛部队穿越大陆的各个战区；随着货车司机驶过各个妓院；最终，可能随着空中乘务员飞往美国，并在那里于20世纪80年代初被发现。

2. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested

for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%.

译：在京巴布韦的25个受监控的地区，怀孕的妇女接受了HIV病毒的检测。1997年只有2个地区显示其感染率在10%以下。

3. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to

the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced.

译：这是因为在贫穷国家许多人对正常的经济发展不起作用。说的再残酷些，在一个拥有大量非技术劳力的国家里，死去的劳力很容易被取代。

4. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished

twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him.

译：当一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭损失就不是一个人的事了。因为不只是他的收入没有了，他的亲属还要花时间和金钱去照料他。

5. There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off

tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the

当代研究生英语读写教程上、下册课后翻译答案

dangers, told how to avoid them ,and left to make their own choices.

译：泰国政府认为没有必要像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走了旅游者而淡化HIV传播的严重性。泰国人反复告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他们自己去做出选择。 Unit 3

New findings of HIV Four almost four years, research into HIV has been dominated by a single theory about how the virus causes the catastrophic collapse of the immune defences that leads to AIDS. But the consensus on this the theory is now crumbling, thanks in part to the work of a Dutch team led by immunologist Frank Miedema. If the Dutch team is right, the consequences will be profound. People with HIV may hope for new types of treatment. And some of the most cherished dogmas of a multibillion-dollar research industry may be overturned. 近四年来， 病毒引起免疫系统灾难性崩溃从而导致艾滋病这一理论一直主宰 着人类对 HIV 的研究。但是这种理论的一致性现在正在动摇，部分原因是由于 免疫学家弗兰克米德马领导的一支荷兰小组对 HIV 的研究工作。如果荷兰小组 是正确的话，其影响将是深远的。感染 HIV 的人将有望得到新方法的治疗。而 一些花费几十亿美元的研究项目中最具有权威的理论就会被推翻。

Unit 4

who's in charge of the global economy In general, the WTO has adopted rules which are in the interest of trans-national business and rejected rules opposed by business. WTO policies have been protested by representatives of "civil society", such as unions, consumer activists, environmentalists, indigenous people, and women' s groups. In Mexico, where a currency crisis threw the nation into depression shortly after implementation of NAFTA, small business owners owners were in the streets, too, opposing "free trade".Poor countries of the global south, which disagree with northern unions over labor protections, agree the WTO is not working in the interests of most people. 总体而言，世界贸易组织采纳了有利于跨国商务活动的规则，拒绝 了商务 活动反对的规则。 世界贸易组织的政策遭到了来自 “民间社团” 的代表， 如工会， 消费者积极分子，环境保护主义者，土著居民，妇女团体等的反对。墨西哥在执 行北美自由贸易协定不久， 货币危机使国家陷入经济萧条，小业主们也走向街头 反对“自由贸易” 。不同意北部联盟有关劳动保护条款的南半球的贫穷国家也认 为世界贸易组织并不为大多数人谋福利。

Unit 5

Anything but beef In Turin, the summit leaders were still looking for a solution. Meanwhile, they tried to head off the consumer stampede with confident smiles and bold speeches. No matter how many British cows are destroyed, European beef sales are not likely to return to their pre-scare levels for a long time--if European beef sales are ever likely to return to the pre-scare levels. Like many Americans, European have been cutting down on their intake of beef in recent years, and mad-cow panic will probably intensify that trend. Even so, the leaders gamely battled on. "At lunch, they served us veal," Chirac told reporters in Turin."Every one of the presidents and prime ministers ate it with gusto." 在都灵， 欧盟领导人仍然在寻求解决疯牛病的办法；同时他们还带着自信的 笑容，振振有词的劝阻那些消费者不要放弃牛肉。无论要销毁多少英国牛肉，欧 洲的牛肉销售量也不可能恢复到产生消费恐怖之前的水平； 即使欧洲牛肉销售量 有可能达到恐慌之前的水平也需要很长时间。像许多美国人一样，近年来欧洲人 已经大大减少了对牛肉的消费，而且疯牛病也许会加剧这一趋势。即使这样，欧 盟领导人仍然以乐观的情绪来继续这场保卫战。在都灵，希拉克告诉记者:"我们 每位总统和总理都在津津有味的吃着牛肉呢！"

当代研究生英语读写教程上、下册课后翻译答案

Unit 6

From popping the question to popping the pill (1) Courtship both preceded the announcement of an engagement and followed the announcement, although a broken engagement was so serious that it could be expected to throw the girl into a depression from which she might never recover. 人们一般是先恋爱后订婚，但也有先订婚后恋爱的。不过，订了婚再后悔是很糟糕的事， 这会把一个姑娘推向痛苦的深渊而永远无法解脱。

(2) Gifts had to be either immediately consumable, like candy or flowers, or indestructible, like diamonds—which could be given back, their value unimpaired, if there was a rift in the relationship. Objects that could be damaged by use, like gloves and furs, were forbidden. 礼物可以是马上就能用的，如糖果或鲜花，或不易损坏的，如钻石——如果关系破裂了，还 可以退回，价值也不会受损。容易用旧、用坏的物品，诸如手套和皮货之类的东西是禁止赠 送的。

(3) The wedding day was the highest point in a girl's life--a day to which she looked forward all her unmarried days and to which she looked back for the rest of her life. The splendor of her wedding, the elegance of dress and veil, the cutting of the cake, the departure amid a shower of rice and confetti, gave her an accolade of which no subsequent event could completely rob her. 举行婚礼的这一天是一个姑娘一生中最美好的时刻： 这一天婚前她一直盼望着， 而婚后她也 将值得她永远回忆。婚礼的场面一般都蔚为壮观。华丽高贵的结婚礼服及面纱，切蛋糕的场 面，离开时祝福的人们撒来的米粒和五彩纸屑，交织在一起为新娘谱写了一曲新婚颂歌，使 她一乍都难以忘却。

(4) Active concern for the world permits either celibacy or marriage, but continuous preoccupation with sex leaves no time for anything else. As we used to say in the '20s, promiscuity, like free verse, is lacking in structure 要关心世界大事，既可以过正常的婚姻生活，也可以过独身生活。但如果只是一味的沉湎于 性，那就根本谈不上什么对其他事的关心。正像我们在 20 年代常说的那样：乱交就像自由 诗一样无节而又无度。

Unit 7

The rise of intellectual property protection in the American university The critical factor in making this accommodation work is an efficient, knowledgeable technology transfer process at the university. The negotiators must be savvy about technology and business, able to understand the industrial partner's needs and to craft reasonable intellectual property terms that meet those needs while preserving the rights, policies, and freedom of action of the university. These university technology transfer professionals are part of a new and surprisingly creative profession. 即便是这种妥协奏效的关键因素在于大学高校而专业的技术转让过程。 谈判 人员必须既精通技术和商业又能够了解企业伙伴的需求， 制定既能满足产业需求 又能保护学校的权利、 政策和行动自由的合理的知识产权条件、这些人从事学校 技术转让的专业人员是一种新的非常具有创造力的行业的一部分。