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Strategiesfordevelopingbulkmaterialsnanotechnology(BMN)intoindustrialproducts

D.J.Branagan*,A.V.Sergueeva,S.Cheng,J.K.Walleser,T.F.Weznel,J.V.Costa,W.Kiilunen,B.E.MeachamandC.D.Tuffile

mercialdevelopmentofbulkmaterialsnanotechnology(BMN)isenabledthroughnewdiscoveriesovercomingageoldproblemsspecifically:(1)openingupofprocesswindowtoenablenanoscalestructureformationinindustrialproductsand(2)utilisationofnewnanoscaleductilitymechanismstoachievecombinationsofhighstrengthwithductility.StrategiesforusingBMNaseitherasurfacetechnologyorasastandalonemonolithictechnologyaredependentontheoperableductility/toughnessmechanismswhichareoverridingfactorsforsuccessfulcommercialisation.Foreachroute,thepathwayformicrostructuralformation,thetargetednanoscalestructuresandtheprocesswindowgoalsaredescribedalongwithmainstreamexamplesofeachtechnologyforamultitudeofrealworldindustrialapplications.

Keywords:Nanotechnology,Metallicglass,Devitrification,Nanomaterials,Tensileproperties,Bulkmaterialsnanotechnology

ThispaperispartofaspecialissueonNanoengineeringintheModernSteelIndustry

Introduction

arecreatedarethemselvesinherentlybrittlesinceasReducedlengthscalematerialshavegrainsizeisdecreasedtothenanoscale,dislocation1,2beenusedfordecadesforsoftmagneticapplications,suchasme-pileupsbecomeincreasinglylesslikelyanddislocationtallicglassesastransformercores,andhardmagneticmotionbecomesincreasinglymoredif cult.Thus,inapplications,3,4includingdevitri ednanocompositesasnanomaterials,dislocationsbecomeeffectivelyimmobilehighenergydensitypermanentmagnets.However,induetothelargefractionofgrainandphaseboundaries,ordertoutilisethisclassofmaterialsinnewtypesofresultinginlowvaluesoftensileductilityandbrittleindustrialproducts,theweaklinkintheseclassesofresponse.

materialsmustbeovercome,whichistheabilitytoAfteryearsofresearch,extensive eldtrialsanddeformatroomtemperature.Atambienttemperature,successfulindustrialimplementationinamultitudeofmetallicglassescandeformbutdosoinhomogeneouslymainstreammarkets,TheNanoSteelCompanyhasthroughshearbanding.5,6Atunconstrainedloadingdevelopedspeci cstrategiestowarddevelopingironconditions,thepropagationofaslowasasingleshearbasedbulkmaterialsnanotechnology(BMN)intobandcanleadtocatastrophicfailure.6Notethatwhileindustrialproductsforcommercialmarkets,whicharesomeglassescanexhibitsigni cantductilitythroughdescribedbytheoverviewinFig.1.Thestartingpointhomogeneousviscous owatelevatedtemperatureina(1)inBMNistostartwithironbasedglassformingnarrowtemperaturerangecalledthesupercooledliquidalloysthatexhibitsuf cientlylowcriticalcoolingratesformetallicglassformationcorrespondingtothechosenregion,5afterdeformationandreturningtoambientindustrialprocessingmethod.Forsurfacetechnologytemperatures,theresultingglassisbrittle,limitingits(2a),theglassformingalloywillbeappliedoverausefulness.Themetallicglassstructurecanalsobeusedsurface/substrate.Thismeansthatsystemtoughnesscanasaprecursorfordevelopingawholerangeofderivedbedeveloped,andinherentmaterialtoughnessisnotananoscalestructuresthroughhistorydependantglassnecessarycriterion.Duringsolidi cationofthecoating,devitri cationtransformation,whichcanbein uencedtheglassstructureisformedandcanbeused;however,bythetransformationalpathwaysuchasrelaxation,thegeneralrouteistodevitrifytheglassandthusformrecoveryandrecrystallisation.7However,inallcases,anenablingstructuretype,whichiscalledadevitri edtheresultingdevitri ednanocompositestructuresthat

nanocompositestructure.Formonolithic(i.e.standalone)technology(2b),thereisnosubstrate,whichmeansthatthematerialmustdevelopinherentintrinsicTheNanoSteelCompany,Providence,RI,USA

toughness.Intrinsictoughnessarisesfromconventional*Correspondingauthor,emailDBranagan@plasticzonesinfrontofacracktipinhibitingcrack

ß2013InstituteofMaterials,MineralsandMiningPublishedbyManeyonbehalfoftheInstitute

Received4September2012;accepted7November2012DOI10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000161

MaterialsScienceandTechnology2013

VOL

29

NO

101193